‘Death of a Salesman’ is the complete life history of Willy Loman, who was a salesman by profession living in Brooklyn. The presentation style of the author ‘Arthur Miller’ is so rich that the whole play gives an impression of playing live before our eyes. The whole story revolves around Willy Loman and his family, which includes his wife ‘Linda’ and his two sons ‘Biff Loman and Happy Loman’. The general perception about this play is that it is a tragic piece of literature; however, the comprehensive analysis of this play imparts a different approach because the theory of Willy Loman about gaining success for happily living was quite fussy and rusty in its nature. His stumbling nature made him resistant to adopt the flexible philosophy of life for coping with the modern social world and his dogmatism eventually leaded him to take a suicide like coward step, in spite of his caring wife. The moral of the story is that egoism and stubbornness never leads to success.
The author has concluded that Willy’s character cannot be quoted as a tragic hero because tragedy requires some incidents or natural flaws incurred to the tragic heroes. Bradford also appreciates the attempt to become a tragic hero but also criticizes the senile attitude of Willy. Though Arthur Miller has endorsed the same notions and philosophies in this play but it will be still difficult to decide as the author has shown concerns about that at the end of this review analysis. Arthur Miller seems to describe the vagueness of typical American society. At the same time, the main character ‘Willy’ gives different outlook as in the other plays. Willy stands for the American dreamy world and also reflects the real issues that the Americans are facing due to illusionistic ideas. In other words, the protagonist of this play was living in a dreamy world and was obsessed with obnoxious anti-Marxist ideas. The major rationale behind his failure of life was his unrealistic philosophy of life that contributed mainly for compelling him for suicide. Willy was highly obsessed with the concepts of conservatism and arrogance. His egoism and erroneousness has leaded him to make multiple suicidal attempts and finally, he succeeded in killing himself. His whole life, as sketched by Arthur Miller, described his inflexible nature towards the changing societal values and also shows his typical nature as is usually of an American middleman. Hence, he should have more pragmatic approach to gain access to his dreams and to compete with modern societal challenges (Bradford, About.com).
‘Death of a Salesman’ is composed of three main sections that are Act I, Act II and Requiem. The play starts with Act I, which includes also the opening scene of the play presenting the true picture of a middle-class American, named Willy Loman, who was a resident of Brooklyn in the New York City and was a sixty three year old traveling salesman. After a non-productive routine official tour, his wife ‘Linda’ shows her deep concerns on his tiresome facial expressions, which denotes her supportive nature for her husband. At this point, the author, Arthur Miller, seems to be well-acquainted with strong matrimonial emotions. Willy’s today was completely different from his hopes and dreams that were not atypical from the middle-class American dream. Willy’s two sons, Biff and Happy, were also back to his home at that day. Willy criticized Biff on coming back to home after such a long period of 15 years with no cash in hand. On the other side, these two brothers found their father as an absent-minded person in his old age. They also ridiculed their father in a sense that he could not cope with societal changes (Bradford, About.com).
Willy has displayed arrogant and obstinate nature throughout his whole life. The lack of parenting skills has also produced flaws in his personality that has been presented by author at various scenes of the play. While, taking Willy back to his past, the author described his unethical parental coaching to his son on his act of stealing a football because he did not react to him in an expected manner. The author has also described the romantic nature of Willy, when the love-affair of Willy was described during a scene of the play. These all thoughts of Willy were disturbed, when his neighbor, Bernard, complained about the educational illness of Biff on which Willy got short-tempered and started searching for Biff with intensive aggravation and this scene was also the closure of flashback (Bradford, About.com).
In another scene, the author has described the ideal of Willy who was Willy’s own rich brother, named Ben. Ben used to extract diamond in the jungles of Africa and Willy also remembered his proposal to join him in this venture, but Willy did not accept his proposal. Here, Miller has again indicated his egoistic nature. Retaining the same depressive emotions, Willy started to daunt Happy for his obsessed thinking. In the mean time, his next-door neighbor Charlie came into his home who was an owner of a sales-firm. During playing cards, Charlie offered him to join his firm, but he again declined here and even insulted him. His nature of conservatism and arrogance leaded him to his failure and eventually to suicide. Here, Willy has idolized his father also to an extent, assuming that he was a rich and successful man (Bradford, About.com).
Biff was quite confused to see his father’s awkward attitude and also queried her mother about his state of mind for its duration. Here, Linda, Willy’s wife, proved herself as a loyal wife and accused them to be the sole cause of his current insanity. Here, she also tried to convince them for being responsible by telling them about his suicidal attempts. She also appreciated her husband’s effort to make them able for keep pace with social needs. After listening his mother’s lecture, Biff promised his mother for gratifying his father in the future. During an argumentative conversation between Biff and Happy, they began to investigate the underlying reason behind the failure of Biff in the business world and in the meanwhile, Willy joined this discussion. On his entrance, Happy tried to please his father by presenting the plan of Biff that he was going to his ex-employer for requesting loan and Biff also reluctantly confirmed this statement, even Biff was not ready to go for it. This plan presentation made Willy smile, which shows here his greedy nature. However, at the end of this scene, there was again a conflict between two brothers (Bradford, About.com).
Willy seems to be well-equipped with the elements of arrogance and egoism. In the same evening, Biff was also carrying a bad news for Willy because he could finalize his deal with his ex-boss. Then, Happy tried to convince Biff to make a bluff with Willy so as to please him, but Biff was again reluctant in doing so. When Willy arrived, Biff started to tell the whole story, but Happy was again and again interrupting him so as to distract him from the truth. Willy left the dining table. On their return to home, Linda castigated their behavior with their father. Then, the climax of the play came when Willy drove his car into death. The last section described the funeral ceremony of Willy (Home Work Online).
Bradford believes also that Willy was the self motif behind his failure because he could not walk with contemporary society. The author also indicates that his suicide attempt was only meant for insurance company which has become common in the middle-class Americans. The author has also concluded that Willy’s character cannot be quoted as a tragic hero because tragedy requires some incidents or natural flaws incurred to the tragic heroes. Bradford also appreciates the attempt to become a tragic hero but also criticizes the senile attitude of Willy. Through Arthur Miller has endorsed the same notions and philosophies in this play but it will be still difficult to decide as the author has shown concerns about that at the end of this review analysis. Arthur Miller seems to describe the vagueness of typical American society. At the same time, the main character ‘Willy’ gives different outlook as in the other plays. Willy stands for the American dreamy world and also reflects the real issues that the Americans are facing due to illusionistic ideas (Bradford, About.com).
Arthur Miller has used various themes in this work; however, the major thematic expression is the American Dream. As the protagonist of this play belongs to a middle-class, this play reflects the overwhelming ideology of the American society. Similarly, abandonment is another thematic expression of this play which is quite vivid in the Willy’s character. Willy Loman has been observed as the character with frequent and subsequent denials and deviations from the truths. He has been in a state of continuous abandonment throughout the whole play. Loman has been in a state of confusion because he never tried to understand what he really wanted to be. Arthur Miller has used various motifs in this play among which mythic figure is an important aspect. Thus, Arthur Miller has been found a person with a strong vision of the Western world (Sparknotes, Analysis of Willy Loman).
Conclusively, it would not be righteous to label this play as a tragic play because Willy was highly obsessed with the concepts of conservatism and arrogance. His whole life, as sketched by Arthur Miller, described his inflexible nature towards the changing societal values and also shows his typical nature as is usually of an American middleman. His dreams were quite opposite to his actions. But the work of the author is undeniably realistic because Arthur Miller has selected the American Dream as the topic of this play in order to present the flaws and dilemmas prevalent in the middle-class society of the America. From the perspective of socio-economic theory, as illustrated by Mandel, Marxism is a flexible philosophy for accommodating contemporary changes in the social and economic system of the modern world. The protagonist of this play was living in a dreamy world and was obsessed with obnoxious anti-Marxist ideas. The major rationale behind his failure of life was his unrealistic philosophy of life.

Works Cited

Bradford, W. “Death of a Salesman- Review”. About.com. 06 Aug. 2011

Home Work Online. 06 Aug. 2011 < http://www.homework-online.com/doas/index.asp>

Mandel, E. An Introduction to Marxist Economic Theory. Australia: Resistance Books, Chippendale NSW 2008. 2002.

Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. Viking Press: New York. 1949.

African women living in war-torn African states such as Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Somalia, among other states have surely felt the impacts of conflict to their lifestyle. For instance, the brutal war in Liberia transpired in three successive phases, which lasted fifteen years from 1989 to 2003. The war in Sierra Leone began in 1991 when Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone guerrillas, who were being trained in Liberia, made invasions in their own state.
The war brought on board many actors and lasted ten years, until January 2002. Additionally, the civil strife in Ivory Coast started in 2002 when insurgents in the northern region attempted to overthrow President Laurent Gbagbo; though after international involvement, an accord was agreed upon in 2003. It can be noted that all the wars led to the deaths of many women; some were displaced, while some lost their breadwinner husbands. Presently, all but Ivory Coast are largely at peace. Peacekeepers are on the job or closely in control. The United Nations and global aid bodies are helping recovery. Some light arms have been recovered by the governments; some expatriates have gone back to the countries. Ivory Coast is recovering from the latest political instability that was sparked by the refusal of former president Gbagbo to concede defeat after he was defeated in the country’s elections held late 2010.
Although most African states are largely at peace, which sound unclearly hopeful, in actuality they are so disintegrated, so troubled and, more so in the instances of Sierra Leone, and Liberia, the situation is so distraught and indigent that they may not be capable of securely practicing or enjoying the fruits of peace. In the recent past, Sierra Leone arguably substituted Afghanistan as the tail-end ranked state on the United Nations’ index of human development; the reports gauges literacy levels, healthcare and poverty (Voice of America 1.
As is the case in Afghanistan, the state is a society of widows. Notably, of all those who endured the West African conflicts, it was hapless populations who underwent most suffering. Specifically targeted in terrorist acts as a war strategy, they were rendered homeless, exiled, abducted, tortured, assaulted, injured, maimed and executed. And of all the ordinary populations who suffered, no population segment suffered as excessively as women. Presently, millions of females in such three West African states are still under pressure recovering; for them, the conflicts aren’t actually over at all.
The level of sexual violence and rape in Ivory Coast, when the armed conflict transpired has not been properly evaluated. Majority of the women have suffered gang-rapes or have been kidnapped and forced to be sexual slaves by fighters. In addition, rape has usually come along with torture, including sexual torture one the victim. Unfortunately, all armed sides have executed and continue to implement sexual violence with amazing aplomb, meted on women under the age of 12 to 63. A more topical and thoroughgoing revelation by Human Rights Watch indicates the rape of minors as young as three was prevalent in the countries (Africa Action 1).
At the time the civil strife transpired, women and young girls were captured in their dwelling places or at roadblocks erected by the militaries, or were located in their hiding places in the scrubs. Some of them were raped in front of their families or in public. Some were coerced to witness the execution of spouses or parents. Eventually they were whisked away to military barracks or camps, to prepare the soldiers’ meals during the daytime, only to be gang-raped under the cover of darkness.
Majority of the women suffered rape so ceaselessly and so viciously with sticks, gun barrels, knives, burning coals, some die in the process. Several others sustained injuries and trauma that still remain, many years after the conflicts. Majority still find it difficult to settle or stand, or walk. A number have long lost their capacity to see or their recollections; many more got infected with venereal diseases and HIV.
On the other hand, in Liberia, when the conflict came to an end in 2002, over a million Liberian nationals had been rendered homeless in their own country. Nearly a million others had reportedly fled the country. In a state of three million persons, the statistics translate to 30 percent of the citizens gone. Moreover, more than 270,000 people were killed. And here also, the simple targets were females (Voice of America 1). A World Health Organization report in 2005 suggested that a whopping 90 percent of the women in Liberia had experienced sexual and physical violence; 75 percent of whom suffered rape.
In Kolahun, Lofa County, where the conflicts were high, and women survivors her scars to prove the torment they underwent: a string of parallel straight ridges beginning just under the ear and running down, to the neck. For instance, guerrilla militias in the Charles Taylor forces of the former president of Liberia, who died while being tried by the International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity charges, held women tightly and gradually, inch by inch, tore the flesh of the victims’ neck in blood.
But that isn’t all. Taylor’s militias went breaking fingers of women. For instance, one woman survivor living in the region had her back slammed so vehemently with firearm butts that one foot and a hand are presently paralyzed. In the small rural community of Dougoumai, a woman referred to only as “the sick lady” exists. Her sister opines she was seized by mercenaries waging war against the Taylor regime and was recurrently gang-raped by ten men (Voice of America 1). The militias rammed their rifle butts into her rear– evidently an ordinary technique, which resulted to the paralysis of her legs.
Moreover, they crashed her hands, hence rendering her hands useless. In the recent past, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the United Nations Fund for Population Activities visited the surviving women living in Lofa County, the core of Taylor’s offensive. Over 98 percent said they were rendered homeless during the final phase of the armed conflict; more than 90 percent lost their jobs; more than 72 percent lost at least a kin.
In Sierra Leone, where horrifying the ordinary man was the primary war strategy, the war against women and kids were, as Human Rights Watch has indicated, even more atrocious. All warring factions in the conflict perpetrated countless killings. Official reports record appalling criminal activity: fathers coerced to rape their daughters; brothers coerced to rape their siblings; child soldiers were forced to gang-rape old women, before cutting off their hands; pregnant women were disemboweled alive and the breathing fetus removed from the uterus to satisfy militias’ gambling on its sex status.
These criminal activities, which go against primal norms, aim to damage not only the victims but the entire culture. In the recent past, every manner of terror has been perpetrated on women and girls in Liberia, Ivory Coast and Sierra Leone for being inferior in gender.
In an interview a guerilla fighter in the Democratic Republic of Congo, smiled saying he had “made love” to several women. When asked if all the females were willing, he chuckles, admitting that majority fight him, but he subdues them by calling for reinforcement from his colleagues. Additionally, when such an act is labeled by the interviewer “rape,” the militia insists that sexual violence happens in times of war and that peace is not normally accompanied with rape.
It is notable; nonetheless, that the peace accords signed in the West African region did not entirely trickle down on women, in terms of ending any forms of aggression against the female gender. Studies indicate that well over 50 percent of the women residing in two Liberian provinces, incorporating the capital, Monrovia, had experienced at least one brutal sexual harassment during a one-and-a-half-year period in 2006 to2007, years following the end of the war (Voice of America 1).
Black Women in Wars, Especially in Poor African Countries. Alice Auma Lakwena-The woman who inspired thousands into Battle with mere sticks and stones.
January 1986 was a perfect era for numerous Ugandans; it was the period when the present President, Yoweri Museveni, came to authority. Majority of the middle and western areas of the nation delighted, but in the region of the ACHOLIS, there was a feeling of obscurity; it seemed all they had battled for had been lost. The ACHOLI had lost their authority in Uganda, their control and feeling of identity. They had acquired that authority by being several of the finest soldiers in the military of Uganda, becoming individuals of control and autonomy (Allen 370). Into this manly custom of soldiers and warriors, enter an important woman who was short of all the recommendations. She was deprived, un-learned, plainly lacked and still it was this female who would become the mother of the greatest battle in Uganda.
Alice Auma Lakwena stayed in the little city of Obit, a city where she survived through selling flour and fish. She was married twice but divorced in both instances as she could not give birth. Lakwena stands for messenger in the Acholi idiom and Alice definitely became that. Led by her spirit, she started a movement that would conscript up to fifteen thousand males and guided them into war in opposition to the new administration army in Uganda without modern weapons but plainly sticks and stones. She gave them a stern spiritual system, involving the rejection of witchcraft, stay virtuous, no smoking, drinking, or disagreeing, to surrender all sin in their being and bestow themselves to the duty of cleansing the Acholi individual and the country of Uganda (Allen 372).
Lakwena employed a mixture of legend, voodoo and traditional customs with her exclusive sort of Christianity thrown in. She became a motivator of Acholi individuals; this priestess hero entered her people’s chronology at their period of want and desolation and the period was just correct for her mission to take effect and cultivate. The initial attack in opposition of the National Resistance Army took action close to Lira in Northern Uganda. Equipped with bags of stones, sticks, singing songs, spraying water all around, their bodies smeared with oil to stop the bullets they marched into battle. Amazingly to the majority, they imposed major losses on the National Resistance Army that initial day even while the rocks did not detonate into grenades, and the bullets were not halted by the oil, the warrior priestess soldiers triumphed.
What is astonishing is that she never hit in furtive. She would candidly publicize the looming attack of her troops. Her militia, armed with sticks and stones, with the wails of battle, motivated by the warrior princess, progressed against a military with fatal weapons. The association supplemented arms later on and several of NRA soldiers were murdered in battle and even superior officers were executed and killed. Alice Lakwena did not fall short of soldiers and augmented new regions in and close to the Acholi region of Northern Uganda. It was remarkable to many how this female with no education could motivate numerous individuals (Allen 399). She took her forces to Eastern Uganda where again, her movement triumphed and even a superior officer from NRA was captured.
Alice passed away in a refugee site in Northern Kenya in 2007, following a long term disease and is still mentioned in Uganda by those she motivated, those she battled and those that were in the way of her army. Despite being childless in her natural life, she gave birth to the greatest battle in Uganda. Alice was the mother to what would be the battle of battles in the Pearl of Africa. Something she possibly never perceived in her mind when she carried on with her undertaking. Alice Lakwena will persist as someone exceptional in the pages of Uganda’s past.

Leymah Roberta Gbowee is a Black African peace activist accountable for arranging a peace movement that brought a conclusion to the Second Liberian Civil battle in 2003. This resulted to the voting of Ellen Johnson Sir leaf in Liberia, the initial African country with a black woman president. She was born in Central Liberia. While she was the age of seventeen, she progressed to Monrovia, when the Second Liberian Civil battle sprouted. She qualified as a stress analysts throughout the civil battle in Liberia and was employed as a counselor with the ex-child soldiers of Charles Taylor’s army (Nagbe 7). Bordered by the sights of battle, she recognized that if any alterations were to be implemented in community it had to be by the black women. She is a mother of six, and in 2002, Leymah was a communal worker who planned the Women of Liberia Mass Action for Peace.
The harmony association began with the regional women praying and chanting in a fish market. She planned the Christian and Muslim women of Monrovia, Liberia to implore for peace and to hold peaceful demonstrations. Together, they conducted out a sex thump in which Liberian women rejected to have relations with their partners throughout the battle. Due to the rejection, Charles Taylor accepted to meet Gbowee and guaranteed to take part in peace talks in Ghana. The females joined forces at the venue of the peace talks and rejected to depart until a consensus was arrived. Gbowee then spearheaded a designation of Liberian women to Ghana to progress to implement pressure on the battling groups through the peace procedure. They conducted a soundless demonstration outside the Presidential Palace, Accra, conveying on a consensus through the mired peace talks (Nagbe 7).
Leymah Gbowee and Comfort Freeman, leaders of two differing Lutheran churches, arranged the Women in Peace building Network (WIPNET), and subjected a declaration of purpose to the president. The statement read that the women were silent previously, but following the murder, rape, dehumanization and infection with illnesses, and viewing their children and relations harmed, battle educated the women in saying no to war and yes to harmony. Gbowee insisted that the demonstrations would not concede until peace triumphed. The lobby group brought a conclusion to the Second Liberian national war in 2003 and resulted to the voting of Ellen Johnson Sir leaf in Liberia, the initial African country with a black woman leader.

Clothed in white t-shirts to signify harmony, and figuring in the thousands, Leymah Gbowee spearheaded the women in what became a political movement in opposition of hostility and their administration. She has become triumphant in beseeching other African administrations for harmony. Leymah Gbowee is the main personality in the 2008 documentary film entitled Pray the Devil Back to Hell (Nagbe 7). The movie has been employed as a promotion instrument in post warring regions for instance, Sudan as well as Zimbabwe, assembling Black women in Africa to implore for tranquility and safety. Leymah Gbowee is the senior manager of the Women Peace and Security Network Africa, founded in Accra, Ghana and is responsible for establishing associations across West African sub-areas in maintenance of women’s capability to thwart, turn away and finish wars. She is a founding participant and previous director of the Women in Peace building Program/ West African Network for Peace building (WIPNET/WANEP). She also acted as the elected commissioner for the Liberia Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
Mbuya Nehanda – Led In Resisting Colonization by the British. The invasion by the British resulted to the obliteration of the political, monetary as well as profitable and religious array of the individuals of Southern Africa. The obligation of the hut tax, compelled labor, repression of religious endeavors and land estrangement crystallized African opposition. The military movement to drive away the British, referred to as the Chimurengas or the battle of liberation was begun by the Ndebele in May 1896 and their traditional foes, the SHONA, combined them in October of the similar year. The exceptional aspect of the Chimurenga was the pioneering duties conducted by three MHONDORO: Mukwati in Matabeleland, Kagudi in western Mashonaland and Nehanda, the only woman, in central and Northern Mashonaland (Cairnie 165-170). They hit directly at the center of Shona traditions and hence detained the minds of the individuals by efficiently persuading them that Mwari accused the whites for all their anguish and ruled that the whites should be taken from the land.
Nehanda Charwe Nyakasikana was regarded to as the woman embodiment of the revelation spirit Nyamhika Nehanda. Regarded to as Mbuya Nehanda, she is generally called the grandmother of current day Zimbabwe. She encouraged the SHONA individuals to drive away the British from the land, motivating them to strengthen the battle and rallying them on. Using covert messages to converse with each other, Nehanda efficiently harmonized her hard work. Kagudi was arrested but Nehanda escaped the British a while longer until she was ultimately arrested in December. They both were accused of killing an African policeman and the Native Commissioner Pollard, and sentenced to bereavement by hanging.
Nehanda’s passing phrases were that her bones would rise again, envisaged the second Chimurenga, which terminated in the autonomy of current day Zimbabwe. Facing the advanced expertise of the British, the insurgence astonishingly lasted until the end of 1897 in spite of British actions of revulsion and cruelty. Though the British casualties were statistically less, they symbolized one tenth of their inhabitants (Cairnie 165-170). The main aspects of Nehanda’s cults were ancestor reverence and spirit custody, which persevere among the individuals of current day Zimbabwe. Through the Second Chimurenga, Ian Smith, then Prime Minister of Rhodesia, in an above ground leaflet drop, summoned the names of royal MHONDORO in a distressed attempt to attenuate widespread back up for Zimbabwe African national Liberation Army. The spirit of Nyamhika Nehanda got a new medium in an old woman, who was whipped to shelter by ZANLA guerillas. The unconquerable Mbuya Nehanda, innovatory prophet and ruler of the initial Chimurenga, has currently been buried in Zimbabwe’s Heroes’ Acre.

Aya Virginie Toure is a peace activist in Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast). She became recognized for arranging fellow women in non hostile demonstration in opposition of President Laurent Gbagbo who declined to seize being the president of Ivory Coast in the presidential election to Alassane Ouattara. Toure worked to assemble women as the deputy Director for Ouattara’s Ivorian presidential voting. In the rally of the Republicans (RDR), the leading political party in Ivory Coast, Toure is the appointed President of the Rally of Republican Women. She spoke in opposition of Gbagbo and his interior ring of individuals who were purportedly sending taxpayers’ contribution out of the nation as their individual income (Bender et al 271-358).
Aya Virginie Toure arranged many peace demonstrations all through Ivory Coast throughout the 2010 to 2011 Ivorian calamity. In a fervent interview on BBC news, Virginie contrasted the progressing second Ivorian civil war to the 2011 Libyan national battle and requested for back up from the intercontinental society. She asked for armed forces interference to take away Laurent Gbagbo from authority in the similar manner Charles Taylor was forced to step down in the second Liberian national war.
In December 2010, Aya spearheaded hundreds of women in a diplomatic demonstration through the progressing crisis in Abidjan, the financial capital of Ivory Coast. They thumped pots to caution the advent of the militias. March 2011, she headed fifteen thousand women who collected in the town of Abidjan, in Ivory Coast, to demonstrate in opposition of the serving leader Laurent Gbagbo, who persistently declined to step down following his lose in November’s leadership voting. Several of the women were dressed in all dark clothing while others were totally naked, both of which are dreaded taboos in Ivory Coast (Bender et al 271-358). In Africa and Ivory Coast, it is like an abomination. The women were cursing the leadership of Gbagbo.
Other black women carried leaves signifying peace, and shouted that they did not recognize the unlawful leadership of Gbagbo. As the demonstrators who were singing and dancing, moved into the uninviting environs of Abobo, tanks approached the demonstrators. The women rejoiced, supposing the new advents had come in back up of their rally. But the men in the approaching troops begun shooting and killed seven of them. During the worldwide women’s’ day, Toure mobilized forty five thousand women in a nonviolent demonstration all round the nation. The women were once again met with young men equipped with machetes and repeated firing into the air at Koumassi.
In response to the demonstrations, Leymah Gbowee gave a proclamation of back up for the nonviolent demonstrations of the Christian as well as Muslim women in the Ivory Coast and contrasted them to those of her country. At the ECOWAS meeting in Nigeria a one thousand women demonstration was arranged by peace activists in West Africa in back up of the female of Ivory Coast. They dressed in white t-shirts and symbolized nations all over West Africa involving Ivory Coast (Bender et al 271-358).
They subjected press liberation and presented declaration to the ECOWAS heads of nations. March 23, Goodluck Jonathan, leader of Nigeria recommended the United Nations to surpass a declaration to take influential activities, stating volatility facades a peril to safety in West Africa. At the end of March, the United Nations Security Council resolution was acquired commonly, demanding that Laurent Gbagbo resign as leader and permit worldwide realized leader Alassane Ouattara to take over. The declaration obligated approvals on Gbagbo and his close acquaintances. The declaration was funded by France and Nigeria.

Lalla Fadhma n’Soumer in Kabyle was a significant person of the KABYALE resistant movement through the initial years of the French colonial conquest of Algiers. The effect of her participation was such that she has been viewed as the personification of the war. Lalla is a term used to regard to women esteemed as saints. N’Soumer was born in the Kabyle town. Established sources note that she demonstrated an influential and obstinate personality from her untimely young life (Salhi 79-101). For example, she emphasized on following teachings in the Koran in her parent’s institution, very uncommon conduct for a female child in that tradition. At the age of only sixteen, her relations organized for her wedding, as was tradition. Though, she declined so as to go back to her spiritual schooling.
Consequently, being regarded as a woman obsessed by the spirit, she pursued a life of severity, focused to the endeavor and research of religion, and progressed her schooling. Her reputation became widespread so much that Muslims from all Kabylie came to her for counsel and give her presents. To every person, the young girl appeared not only devoid and astute, but in addition youthful and pretty: she took much concern of her body as well as clothes, and routinely dressed in expensive ornaments. The French started their inhabitation off Algeria in 1830, beginning with a landing in Algiers. As inhabitation altered into colonization, Kabylia insisted the only area free of the French administration. Demands on the area heightened, and the longing of her people to fight away and safeguard their region also heightened.
A turning period in Lalla Fadma’s being was the settlement in Kabylie of a strange man who portrayed himself as Mohamed ben Abdallah. He was almost certainly an ex-lieutenant in the military of Emir, conquered for the last period by the French. He denied to give up at the war, and settled at Kabylie. From there, he started a war in opposition of the French military and their friends, frequently using guerilla techniques. Baghla was a persistent combatant, and expressive in Arabic. He was also very spiritual and various legends tell about his techniques (Salhi 79-101). He frequently went to summer to speak with the High ranking associates of the spiritual society and Lalla Fadhma was soon engrossed by his great character. At the same period, the unrelenting participant was drawn by a woman so decisively prepared to take part, by any way probable, to the battle in opposition of the French.
With her stimulating speeches, she persuaded numerous men to battle as volunteers prepared to pass away as martyrs, and she included, in association with other women, took part in combat by availing cooking, treatment and console to the warring armies. Fadhma was individually available at numerous battles in which Baghla was include, specifically the war of Tachekkirt triumphed by Baghla troops, where the French General was captured but was able to run away. Tired of progressive war activities from the Kabylie movement, General randon, selected Marshal of France, resolute to hold out in the late spring, what was referred to by the French the appeasement. For the attack she collected a troop of close to forty five thousand individuals grouped in numerous columns to hit.
Overwhelm was unpredictable for the community individuals, being out figured and out armed by their foes, and their homes as well as families crashed one following the other in just several months. The initial tribe to be conquered was that at YIRATEN; on their province the French begun to construct a fort. A sturdy protective line was able to halt, with major defeats and only momentarily, the attackers at other provinces recognition to a spontaneous hit derived from channels concealed in the territory (Salhi 79-101). Established sources say that Lalla Fadhma participated in the war and commanded that the armed forces must be attached to each other with chains so no one was enticed to run away.
In several days, though, employing armaments, the French army was able to penetrate the defenses and all the main tribes surrendered. Lalla Fadhma n’Soumer was captured as a captive mutually with close to two hundred additional women and young ones, who were taken with her to an imprisonment site at the Zaouia under the rule of a regional authority devoted to French. On 26 December 1854, Baghla was murdered; several resources assert it was as a result of the sedition of several of his associates.
The confrontation persisted with no compelling principal and a commandant competent to direct it competently. For this motive, through the first months of 1855, on an asylum constructed top of Azru Nethor climax, not away from the community where Fadhma was nurtured, there was a big assembly between participants and significant numbers of the clans in Kabylie. They accepted to award Lalla Fadhma, helped by her brothers, the authority of fighting. After numerous years following her passing away, Lalla Fadhma’s reputation persists alive and current all through Algeria, and in exact in her area, Kabylia. Particularly, numerous players and bands painted pictures and wrote songs about her, one of the greatest well-known songs devoted to her is by Tagrawla, an Algerian group.
An Algerian feminist linked was renamed Daughters of Lalla Fatma N Soummer in her tribute. Lalla Fadhma, and her illustration of a persistent and courageous lady, is still fascinating at the current time; specifically when in 1995 her vestiges were moved to the conqueror’s cemetery of El Alia, Algiers, the definite day and instance of the ritual was not proclaimed in progress, but only exposed to the media what had taken place after it occurred. The Algiers power were viewed by the media as discomfited to do this move just after passing a bill about Family Code which was enormously cruel with women; in this manner, the powers would not have to safeguard probable disagreeable demonstrations by the women’s relations which unearth in Lalla Fadhma an imperative stature exemplifying an intensely sovereign and contemporary woman (Salhi 79-101).

Conclusion

Generally, the violence meted against the female gender continues. Murderous brutal attacks, not astoundingly, cannot be eradicated in a hurry. In West Africa, as is the case in other regions of Africa such as the DRC and Somalia, rapists thrive and use the act as war strategy; it has become a practice carried flawlessly into the contemporary Africa that is largely at peace. Nevertheless, where usual policing and justice mechanisms have been rendered obsolete by war, former combatants and ordinary men alike normally prey upon females with impunity. Even so, it may not be easy to know precisely how common the challenge is, because girls and women who have been raped are usually too humiliated by the despicable acts to report them.
Most rape cases are committed by a friend or member of the relations and are habitually “influenced” by a token cash payment. Although, rape is currently illegalin many African nations, irate parents in Africa increasingly report cases of child defilement to authorities. For instance in Kailahun District, Sierra Leone, womenmobilize efforts to fight brutal attacks and sexual violence meted against them. Domestic violence, wife-battering, marital rape, torture, emotional abuse, economic marginalization, and such like acts are also widespread and have soared across the African continent, and technically continuing the customary hostility of war.

Annotated Bibliography

Africa Action. Africa: Women in Post-War Reconstruction, (Web, 30/04/2011). Retrieved from http://apic.igc.org/docs99/aft9909.htm
The paper explores the African women living in war-torn African states such as Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, among other states have surely felt the impacts of conflict to their lifestyle.
Allen, Tim.Understanding Alice: Uganda’s Holy Spirit movement in context. Africa, 61.3 (1991): 370-399.
This paper indicates that majority of the middle and western areas of Uganda delighted, but in the region of the ACHOLIS, there was a feeling of obscurity; it seemed all they had battled for had been lost. She has made enormous contribution toward the liberation of women from the pangs of war in the country.
Bender et al. Proto-Micronesian Reconstructions. Oceanic Linguistics, 42.2 (2003): 271-358.
As noted in the work Bender and the rest suggest Aya Virginie Toure is a peace activist in Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast). She became recognized for arranging fellow women in non hostile demonstration in opposition of President Laurent Gbagbo who declined to seize being the president of Ivory Coast in the presidential election to Alassane Ouattara.
Cairnie, Julie. Women and the Literature of Settlement and Plunder: Toward an Understanding of the Zimbabwean Land Crisis. English Studies in Canada, 33.1/2 (2007): 165-188.
According to Cairnie (165-188) the invasion by the British resulted to the obliteration of the political, monetary as well as profitable and religious array of the individuals of Southern Africa. The obligation of the hut tax, compelled labor, repression of religious endeavors and land estrangement crystallized African opposition.
Nagbe, Horace P. Promoting Gender Equality in Postconflict Liberia: Challenges and Prospects. Peace & Conflict Monitor, (May2010): 7.
Leymah Roberta Gbowee is a Black African peace activist accountable for arranging a peace movement that brought a conclusion to the Second Liberian Civil battle in 2003. This resulted to the voting of Ellen Johnson Sir leaf in Liberia, the initial African country with a black woman president.
Salhi, Zahia Smail. Between the languages of silence and the woman’s word: gender and language in the work of Assia Djebar. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 190. 1 (2008): 79-101.
According to Salhi, Lalla Fadhma n’Soumer in Kabyle was a significant person of the KABYALE resistant movement through the initial years of the French colonial conquest of Algiers. The effect of her participation was such that she has been viewed as the personification of the war. Lalla is a term used to regard to women esteemed as saints.

Works Cited

Africa Action. Africa: Women in Post-War Reconstruction, (Web, 30/04/2011). Retrieved from http://apic.igc.org/docs99/aft9909.htm
Allen, Tim. Understanding Alice: Uganda’s holy spirit movement in context. Africa, 61.3(1991): 370-399.
Bender et al. Proto-Micronesian Reconstructions. Oceanic Linguistics, 42.2 (2003): 271-358.
Cairnie, Julie. Women and the Literature of Settlement and Plunder: Toward an Understanding of the Zimbabwean Land Crisis. English Studies in Canada, 33.1/2 (2007): 165-188.
Nagbe, Horace P. Promoting Gender Equality in Postconflict Liberia: Challenges and Prospects. Peace & Conflict Monitor, (May2010): 7.
Salhi, Zahia Smail. Between the languages of silence and the woman’s word: gender and language in the work of Assia Djebar. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 190. 1 (2008): 79-101.
Voice of America. US Groups Help Africa’s War-Affected Women (Web, March 24 2011). Retrieved from http://www.voanews.com/english/news/africa/US-Women-Help-Africas-War-Affected-Women-118594794.html

It is a common idea shared by everyone that murder is a heinous crime of taking another person’s life. “Murder is not crime of criminals, but that of law abiding citizens” (Schmalleger, 2001). However, simply killing someone does not make it murder under law, rather the act should fall true in law’s criteria in order to be claimed as murder.
Murder, in its legal sense, means the act of killing someone unlawfully. Hence, there are circumstances where the act of killing will not be tantamount to murder in the court of law. Such cases exist where homicides have not been punished. Such examples can be found in assisted suicide, wars and self-defense cases.
With the advent of development and improved standards of living, people are becoming more civilized and have come to believe that executions and other forms of assassination must not be permissible under any circumstance and must get penalized. This idea has altered the meaning of the word (in legal sense) as people tend to label any act of killing as murder without understanding its legal nature.
People across the world have started recognizing and appreciating the highest standards of human rights. In many countries death penalty has been abolished, Australia is one such example. Citizens of such countries consider execution as a murder on the state’s part. That is why the United States and other countries where death penalty is still intact are under constant pressure from various human rights activists to make reforms in their laws and abolish this punishment. Such a case was witnessed when a 25-year-old Australian national Nguyen Tuong Van was sentenced to death by a Singaporean court for the crime of drug trafficking. Many Australians felt for their fellow citizen and demanded the release of Nguyen (Hogan, Cooke, & Butcher, 2005). However, after all appeals were denied he was executed. This particular case moved Australians and they claimed this to be an incident of state murder. Protest against the Singaporean government was showcased at a mammoth scale. People demanded release of Nguyen; the least they wanted was his life to be spared. In this particular case Australians made a mistake by confusing execution and death penalty with murder (Hogan, Cooke, & Butcher, 2005). Execution is entirely different from murder, in the former a convicted criminal is sentenced to death, while the latter stands as the act of ending an innocent person’s life unlawfully (Hogan, Cooke, & Butcher, 2005).
Similarly, Euthanasia, which is legal under certain circumstances, is considered a murder on part of physician by most people who consider that pain should be endured by the patient no matter how harsh the suffering is. However, assisted suicide can be legally practiced where the patient has given his consent and is certain that he will not survive and keeping him conscious and alive will only result in further suffering and pain. Thus, there are certain circumstances where assisted suicide is legal, but many journalists and people who share the same point of view that killing under any circumstances is wrong, use the word murder for euthanasia, which can jeopardize the career of a devoted physician who merely acted on the patient’s advice.
There has been a similar case where euthanasia was practiced by a physician after the endorsement of the patient’s wife, who requested the death of her husband after learning that keeping him alive will only bring more suffering (Sabbatino, 2011). Biased media reports surfaced and the court decided this practice was murder and illegal. Sabbatino criticizes the practice of euthanasia as murder and claims that it should not be practiced under any circumstance. This argument might seem to be acceptable emotionally, but legally and rationally, it does not stand possess any substantial weight (Sabbatino, 2011).
Euthanasia is a legally accepted practice where a physician provides complete detail to the suffering patient or to his family, when the patient is not in a condition to make a decision for him. After considering all the variables, after which that option is chosen, that which seems less painful and relieving for the patient.
In these cases people should be cautious before charging the physician with murder, as the physician is not the decision maker; in fact he just merely acts on the direction of patient or his heirs. Judging and labeling medical practitioners as murderers where they can legally practice assisted suicide is unethical and such judgments can definitely ruin their career. In a recent survey where medical students were interviewed as to whether they would ever consider such a practice, some suggested that 16 percent of the practitioners would consider it, 55 percent would not consider practicing euthanasia under any circumstance whereas 29 percent were not sure and planned to make the decision depending on the nature of the case (Kane, 2010). This survey goes to show that our society really considers death as a terrible incident and most of the people would not get their hands dirty under any situation. Nonetheless, labeling euthanasia is not at all acceptable (Kane, 2010).
Similarly, the supposed execution of a convicted killer, Michael Morales who in 1981 raped and killed 17-year-old Terri Winchell in a gruesome manner was claimed to be unfair and inhumane as this would result in pain to the murderer. The society has grown so sensitive to any kind of violence and suffering that people now even consider the execution of the convicted murderer as unfair (Ryan, 2006). America has been under constant pressure from many human rights activists and organizations to ban death penalty in all of its states. People have become so concerned about human rights that they are unwilling to tolerate lawful execution of a killer. Even the physicians who were assigned the task to give lethal injections to execute Michael Morales backed out at the last minute, fearing that they would be labeled as murderers and this would ruin their careers as medical practitioner. In today’s society many people consider painful death unjust even for a convicted killer. The way medical practitioners are trained and educated, most of them now believe that death penalty should be abolished completely and doctors who take part in such a task would automatically risk their careers (Ryan, 2006). Even if a doctor acts as a tool to implement justice, he could be called an assassin while he is actually executing a person who feels no remorse.
In another story covering the execution of Albert Greenwood Brown, a convicted killer charged for abducting, raping and murdering 15 year old girl, Brown’s lawyer on death row claimed death penalty to be unconstitutional and unfair and that his client was unable to choose the method of his execution. In case of failure he was supposed to be executed through a three drug cocktail, which the lawyer considered cruel even for a killer and rapist. People might tag this act as a murder on the part of state, for not allowing a convicted killer the manner in which he has to die.
In some circumstances people also tend to label an individual acting in self-defense as a murderer where the person just tries to save himself from injury and in the process inflicts a blow on the attacker which results in latter’s death. These situations have been witnessed in cases where a child has been bullied at young age by another kid; when the child acts in defense and accidently kills the bully. He was labeled as murderer by the family of the deceased child; while in the rational and more importantly, the legal sense, accidental killing in self-defense is not murder at all.
This casts a negative impact on the child who has already gone through an emotional trauma by being bullied and in addition, people have branded him as murderer too. This judgmental behavior and label are deemed to affect an innocent individual’s psyche (Kalkstein, 2011).
Summarily, it can be stated that our society has become oversensitive for no reason at all, while totally overlooking the atrocity of the crime previously committed by the criminals. Even killing of convicted killers is being opposed; USA and other countries are being pressured by human rights organizations to abolish capital punishment. They consider such executions as murders by state, as exemplified in Nguyen’s case.
Murder should be separated from other acts of killing which are legalized by law and practical under certain circumstances. Thus, we should be careful while using this word so that we do not fallaciously accuse someone of being a criminal.

References:

Schmalleger, F. (2001). Criminal law today: An introduction with capstone cases. Prentice Hall.
Hogan, J., Cooke, D., & Butcher, S. (2005, December 02). Australia wide protests. The Age
Sabbatino, R. J. (2011, July 03). Suicide is not a crime, but euthanasia is. Pocono Record
Kane, L. (2010, November 11). Exclusive ethics survey results: Doctors struggle with tougher-than-ever dilemmas: other ethical issues. Retrieved from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/731485_7
Ryan, Joan. (2006, February 23). It’s about the killing, not the pain. San Francisco Chronicle,
Kalkstein, Meghan. (2011, July 01). Father says son, accused of murder, and acted in self-defense. Retrieved from http://www.katu.com/news/local/124839584.html

Jared Lee Loughner’s recent shooting rampage at Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords’ January 8, 2011 outdoor community meeting (Simon, 2011) touched on several different aspects of psychology.  On that day, 22-year-old Loughner showed up at Congresswoman Giffords’ event and opened fire on Giffords and the crowd (Simon, 2011). The gunman took the lives of 6 and injured 14 (Simon, 2011). The tragic event scarred the victims and immediate witnesses and community and brought fear to Americans and government officials nationwide.  All at once, several news outlets and commentators struggled to find answers, blame, and solutions.  Arguments that got the most attention were the assignment of blame: Was it loose gun laws? Poor parenting? Campaigning tactics of politicians? Sarah Palin?  Many news outlets scrambled to find gossip on Loughner and came up with an abundance of evidence pointing to his apparent mental health struggles (Simon, 2011).  Unfortunately, past the shock, awe, confusion of the content of Loughner’s internet ramblings and what has theorized to possibly be Psychosis (Simon, 2011), the lesson of psychological well-being was lost.  The key to preventing future similar acts of domestic terrorism from occurring again is an examination of individual psychological experience and mental health conditions such as Psychosis.

The technical term for Psychosis is “Brief Psychotic Disorder” and is code 298.8 in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual- IV (DSM-IV) which is the standard diagnostic manual for Psychiatry (Heffner, 2003).  Psychosis may also clinically fall under Schizophrenia, a more long-term diagnosis (Dilks, Tasker, & Wren, 2010). Both Brief Psychotic Disorder and Schizophrenia involve at least one of the following: severe delusions, paranoia hallucinations, disordered thought, disordered speech (Heffner, 2003 and Dilks, et al, 2010). Although there has been no official psychiatric/medical record of Loughner’s that has been made public, it can be derived by Loughner’s writings that he may have suffered from a paranoid/delusional type of Psychosis; his writings included assumptions that time, currency, and language as meaningless illusions used by government to facilitate mind control.  In an ever-advancing technological society, a tendency to fall victim to stress-diathesis if not solely environmental psychological factors by subscribing to disordered and paranoid thoughts such as Loughner did is not necessarily rare. Although conspiracy theory alone is not dangerous, it may become dangerous if an individual feels threatened by what they perceive to be a malicious “big brother” government. Though Psychosis can be devastating, researchers have found that the condition is manageable.

In a research study on the management of Psychosis published by the British Psychological Society in 2010, researchers asked what was most effective in the treatment of Psychotic patients (Dilks et al., 2010). Researchers compiled 19 therapy session tapes, 23 Psychologist-client interviews, and 31 published accounts of psychotic experiences in order to build a qualitative study on the success and failure of different treatment methods of the disorder (Dilks et al, 2010).  It was found that individuals diagnosed with Psychosis could regain social functionality in their everyday lives with active, ongoing, and consistent individualized therapy (Dilks et al., 2010).  This research is important to the issue of paranoia/delusion-fueled violence because it provides hope in solutions for severe mental health issues.  In American culture, mental health is often stigmatized and symptoms are more often seen as markers of being asocial or “weird” instead of being recognized as the characteristics of a serious disease that people may not be able to detect in themselves let alone understand that they need and will fare better with proper treatment.  Although Psychosis does not always manifest as violence, encouragement of mental health research may promote efforts to take effective measures to increase public awareness of the importance of mental and emotional well-being and the treatment of disorders that could otherwise lead to tragedy if left unchecked.

References

Dilks, S., Tasker, F., & Wren, B. (2010). Managing the impact of psychosis: A grounded theory exploration of recovery processes in psychosis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49(1), 87-107. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Heffner, D. (2003). Psychiatric disorders. AllPsych Online: The Virtual Psychology Classroom.

Retrieved from: http://allpsych.com/disorders/psychotic/briefpsychotic.html.

Simon, Mallory. (2011 January 13). Jared Loughner’s background reveals series of warning signs. CNN. Retrieved from: http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/01/13/jared-loughners- background-reveals-series-of-warning-signs

Dee Dee Myers was born in 1961 in Providence, Rhode Island, USA. Her parents named her Margaret Jane Myers. She is married to Todd Purdum with two children and presently lives in Washing DC. Her inspiration in life was through the presence of strong women that surrounded her especially her mother. Dee’s father was a career navy pilot who was not very much around especially in her formative years since he was involved in active combat. His absence meant that his duties were delegated to Dee’s mother who had other children to raise besides advancing her career. Her mother earned her degrees while she was married which fuelled further Dee’s ambitions to achieve something in her life. After the dad returned to civilian life from military, they moved to Los Angeles where now the mother could concentrate on her career. The different environments and people that she brushed with were very instrumental in shaping and molding her character as a feminist (Potempa 1).

A 1983 Santa Clara University graduate, Dee kicked her career life by becoming an aide in presidential campaign of Walter Mondale back in 1984. This was a move that initiated her into the world of politics and one that would eventually propel her into the world of the mighty.    According to Stateman (1), there was no turning back for her and she changed jobs within the Californian state where she indulged in state politics wholly. However, in those entire jobs one thing which was apparent was that women were not many as the politics were regarded as a preserve of the white boy’s club. One thing led to another and in no time, she joined Bill Clinton’s campaign which catapulted her to the post of press secretary in Clinton’s administration. She served this post for one year and resigned to venture into private life, journalism and mass media. In the year 2008, she decided to summarize her life experience in a book she named “Why Women Should Rule the World” (Norris 1).

Important Contribution

Myers has had a fulfilling political career which burgeoned during Clinton’s presidency and in her occupying the post of press secretary. This is not a mean feat and consequently she became the first woman to hold the post besides being the second youngest person to hold the same. Serving under bill Clinton’s administration meant that she was among the few that were in the inner circle of the president which opened unprecedented windows of opportunities. Most of the administrations events were her initiatives like Middle East peace accords and planning and the consequent passage of the president’s first budget. This is not forgetting that she formed part of the presidential entourage and delegation to different foreign countries. Her being a woman, was a quite a significant achievement which also formed the hallmark of her achievement especially in the male dominated field (Takeuchi 1).

The feminist world has been her primary beneficiary since her achievement is mainly seen in her political career. She defied all odds to rise up the ranks and become a press secretary which is an inspiration to many young ladies who would want to conquer the world. Her career in politics gave her a vantage point in political lecturing and mass media. Her political analyses and most contribution in life are women oriented although she refused to endorse Senator Clinton in her unsuccessful presidential bid. In the media world, she has consulted for the world famed West Wing TV drama series that is concerned about life in the white house. Besides all these contribution, she has written her life memoir ‘Why Women Should Rule the World’. The book is about women decisions with regards to politics and how the decisions ultimately pay off. The challenges that women go through in this unfamiliar territory for them are also articulated in depth (Norris 1).

Dee Dee Myers Influence in the World

Her achievements are further underscored by her private life where she is involved in running of private firms and chief among them is DDJ Myers, Ltd. This firm is involved in talent scouting and recruiting of personnel in the mainstream financial firms. Her work there makes her an executive leader that is recognized the world over as a coach for developing the leadership skills in upcoming entrepreneurs. The firm is also involved in perpetuation of leadership cultures through training of mid and high level leaders in firms so as to entrench good leadership skills in different firms. By such trainings, her legacy lives on through different people who can borrow a leaf from her success in life and push the same influence a notch higher. The trainings are carried out in close association with another firm that she also founded called Advancing Leadership Institute (Myers 1).

Literal work is a major way through which an artist can influence the work and Myers is no different when it comes to her participation in the media. Her contribution to West Wing TV series is instrumental in painting a picture to the public about the happening in the White House. Though this may be a fictional work of art, it has some basis on how to mould the characters and plots based on real life experience. She also contributes to Vanity Fair editorial as a contributing editor which makes her to impart the world with wealth of experience. These notwithstanding, she contributes to political debates and has her book that has been heralded as the voice of women who seem to be marginalized politically. Her public lectures on women issues also contribute immensely towards shaping the thinking of women and femininity especially to young girls who are natural born leaders (Holloway 1).

Dee Dee Myers Influence on me and Overall Achievements

Sometimes it requires taking a bull by the horns in matters that pertain to achievement and breaking traditional barriers. This is a dominant theme in Dee Dee’s life which culminates in an illustrious political career that few women have achieved. She achieved despite the many challenges that were on the way that did not frustrate her. I believe the same challenges that she faced on her way up are the same that we young people face today and we should use them to our advantage. Breaking records and achieving is not for people with negative attitudes but positive minded people who are willing to go the extra mile. A positive mentality is one of my driving forces especially looking at what Myers could achieve from an obscure past. It must have also been her attitude especially when things got thick that got her through.

Most of Myer’s talks are feministic which give a profound meaning to women’s lives and a sense of pride. Although many people regard feminists in a negative sense, I admire them in the way they make people believe in themselves like Myer does through her life, work and achievements. There are no such things as gender oriented careers but people can work anywhere provided they have the credential and experience. The world is fast changing and traditional roles thought to be for a certain gender are up for grabs by whoever is willing and ready to work. This has really enlarged and broadened my mind with regards to the scope of opportunities that are available for me in the ever contracting job market.

Works Cited

Cullen Takeuchi. The Rules According to Dee Dee Myers. Friday, Feb. 29, 2008. Web 6 April             2011<http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0, 8599, 1718519, 00.html>

Holloway Diane. ‘West Wing’: No matter the politics, love of country was always first. May 14,   2006. Web. 6 April. 2011.   <http://web.archive.org/web/20070927225407/http://www.austin360.com/tv/content/tv/st           ories/2006/05/14westwing.html >

Myers Dee Dee . Board Responsibilities for Succession Planning. Web 6 April 2011            <http://workbloom.com/articles/miscellaneous/board-responsibilities-succession-  planning.aspx >

Norris Michele. Dee Dee Myers: ‘Why Women Should Rule’. March 17, 2008. Web. 6 May 2010            < http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88404299 >

Potempa Philip. Former Clinton female press rep. Dee Dee Myers in Chicago with new memoir.            March 6, 2008. Web. 6 April 2011

< http://www.nwitimes.com/entertainment/columnists/offbeat/article_0911dc3c-794d-   5215-947a-08ce83df7803.html >

Stateman, Alison. Journey into the whirldwind: Dee Dee Myers on politics, PR and presidential            elections. Public Relations Tactics, 11. 7 (Jul 2004): 36-37. Print.

In our society today, many of our habitual activities began under a cloud of controversy.  To paraphrase Benjamin Franklin, when we want new policies (social habits) instituted, even if they would improve our society, we have to first teach the people.  One of these habits is that of changing our clocks during the spring and autumn seasons for “daylight savings” time.

First conceived of in the late 1700s (by Benjamin Franklin, coincidentally), daylight savings time was thought a good idea, allowing an extra hour of social and economic activities and  reducing the associated fuel costs, much the argument presented in more recent years in continuing support of daylight savings time.  The latter part of the argument is proved out by reports from utility companies who state that power consumption falls by as much as 5% during daylight savings time.

More recent studies, however, point out the fact that this daylight savings also comes at a cost.  During the first few weeks of daylight savings time, traffic accidents, pedestrian fatality accidents, heart attacks, and a myriad of other events increase dramatically, attributed to the effects of sleep deprivation caused by the one-hour loss when daylight savings time goes into effect.  Equally, the opposite effect is noted in the autumn when people “catch up” on that extra hour of sleep when daylight savings time ends.

• Daylight savings time has been linked to a loss of cognitive function in the first few weeks after taking effect each year, hence the trend of increased traffic accidents and pedestrian fatalities in the days and weeks following the beginning of daylights savings time every spring.  What impact does this have on our society and what effect does it have on you personally?
• Proponents of daylight savings time frequently point back to the original arguments of Benjamin Franklin to justify their continued support for daylight savings.  With the associated costs now being defined, some argue that we would be justified in setting clocks ahead one hour on a permanent basis.  Prepare a paper on your opinion of this idea, supported of course with available evidence for or against the proposal.  What effect might this permanent change have on our society?

Benjamin Franklin, the father of many things including daylight savings time, is often cited as being oddly wise, considering his purported character flaws.  He is, to me, a living example of how one might be a leading figure in one aspect, but prove to be only human in others, much as students find out about themselves when they discover a lack of time management or writing skills that prompts their need for assistance in writing essays, term papers, and the seemingly endless other writing assignments given by their instructors.  Our staff of writers fully understands this problem and is ready to assist you with essays on any topic, including argumentative essays and opinion papers on daylight savings time.

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Events of recent history are an exercise lesson in the meaning of an ancient Chinese Curse:  “May you live in interesting times.”  Events in the world, technological, social and political, are leading us towards an unprecedented string of closing societies.  Closing societies are characterized by increasingly harsh penal institutions, dramatic curtailment of social and political rights, a rapid decline in governmental accountability, and deliberate programs to quell any protests against these changes.

We have seen many closing societies over the past century come and go, but never without serious and lingering consequences.  In the 1920s to 1940s, we saw three such examples of closing societies unfold:  Nazi Germany, Hirohito’s Japan, and Mussolini’s Italy.  The closing of these societies and their subsequent imperialistic motivations were the primary cornerstone that led the world into the horrors of World War II.

We saw this process of closing societies repeat itself with the birth of the Soviet Union and Communist China, events that sparked decades of cold war spying, covert political plots, and both economic and militaristic sabotage efforts by both sides.  The consequence of these closing societies has been perpetual distrust between Eastern and Western developed societies.

Today, we stand at the threshold of a new round of closing societies.  This time, the main driving forces behind the closing societies is technology.  As governmental entities incorporate new computer and video surveillance technologies, the potential for a police-state to develop and misuse these technologies is growing rapidly.  The lessons of history are all we have standing between us and fulfillment of the Orwellian prophecy.

• Given the current state of affairs in the world, identify the most likely candidates for closure and present your arguments for their inclusion on the list.  What sociopolitical environment seems most conducive to such closure?  What technologies and/or policies currently “on the books” might contribute to such closure and what available technologies might assist or hamper such closure?
• The White Rose Society was a group of college students in Nazi Germany who dared speak out against Hitler and his leadership.  For this, they were found by the Gestapo and executed for sedition and treason.  Compare and contrast these events with reported events involving the Department of Homeland Security.  Are there reasons for concern by the American citizenry?
• In the 1930s, Hitler had numerous “detainment” camps established throughout Germany into which various groups were exiled from society for “retraining.”  This practice was again seen in Lenin’s and Stalin’s Soviet Union.  With reports of the United States having similar facilities constructed that purportedly will hold up to a half-million people, are we seeing similar events unfold in the United States and if so, what should we do to stop it?

The closing of societies is a scary prospect, particularly when, as with Italy and Germany, those who close societies are often elected by democratic processes.  Thomas Jefferson warned us that the price of remaining a free society was eternal diligence.  The empowerment of diligence is knowledge and communication.

Research and analysis of issues such as closing societies requires skill as many of the clues revealing the closure process are hidden in numerous news stories and half-truth press releases.  Writers like ours are use to working in such environments, frequently having to draw facts together from sources corrupted by governmental and corporate propagandists.

For assistance with your article on closing societies, contact us today.

For over 200 years we have explored the earth for coal, oil and natural gas with which to fuel our energy-hungry society.  Vast fortunes of many families have been built upon these industries and our society today is ever-more dependent upon them for its operation.  Yet it is equally true that the supply of these precious resources comes with a price tag, one so great that many today are beginning to question the wisdom of our continued reliance and dependency on these resources.  That price tag is energy-related pollution.

Energy-related pollution has been known about for many decades, brought to the public spotlight in the 1960s by Rachel Carlson in her book, “Silent Spring.”  Though the book focused on the issue of acid rain and its effects on fragile ecosystems, energy-related pollution can and does take many forms, classified perhaps over-broadly into air pollution, water pollution and land pollution, forming what is coming to be recognized as a detrimental positive feedback loop (a series of events or conditions which feeds upon each other in ways that are both hazardous to mankind and destructive to our environment).

From the devastating effects of the Exxon-Valdez oil spill in 1989 to the pending disaster of aging coal-slurry retaining ponds, our society is paying a very heavy cost for our reliance on hydro-carbon fuels – that of an impending avalanche of energy-related pollution which threatens to overwhelm thousands of communities not only within the United States, but in every developed … and developing … nation on Earth.  The worst of these effects, one which threatens us all, is that of global warming which, it is believed, is accelerating because of energy-related pollution.

There is hope, however.  This disaster has not fully bloomed, though time is running out for us to take action.

• Research and identify the various types of energy-related pollution and define the effects it is currently having (or may have at some future point) upon our society.
• Is there any hidden energy-related pollution that our society may be overlooking?
• What actions can be taken to mitigate or eliminate the threats posed by energy-related pollution?  What are the projected costs of these actions?  Does the threat justify these costs?

Energy-related pollution is just one of many topics our staff of writers is familiar with.  Combining their knowledge with cutting-edge research technologies and high quality writing skills, we can prepare an essay, term paper or report on virtually any topic of your choosing, approaching the topic in the manner you desire to deliver only effective, high-impact documents to maximize your chance at high grades.

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Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prevents workforce discrimination based on color, religion, sex and beliefs. Employees that work within the United States are protected under Title VII. Essays on Title VII discuss the evolution of discrimination laws that provide citizens with Constitutional rights. Many people are unaware of the laws that protect employees in the workplace. In writing essays on Title VII, students have the opportunity to gain valuable experience, which they can take into the workplace to promote a positive atmosphere. With discrimination laws in place, employers continue to violate protocol. Title VII prevents discrimination in recruitment, promotion and workplace standards. Writing service companies will take your essays on Title VII and infuse them with strong ideas and concepts.

Essays on Title VII confront the challenges that currently reside in the workplace. Employers and employees violate the discrimination laws that protect workforce members from adverse and unlawful behavior and action. Believe it or not, there are numerous laws that fall under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1991, Congress enacted provisions on the Civil Rights Act of 1991 to ensure that recruitment, workplace treatment and the testing process, which accommodates minorities, would be upheld. Minorities in the workforce confront recruitment issues that need resolution. The federal government was unable to increase the percentage of minorities in agency positions. In the past 20 years, the number of African American, Hispanic American and Native Americans in federal employment agencies remains the same. Essays on Title VII focus on redeveloping the workplace framework.

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Essays on foreign policy demonstrate the process of diplomacy, coercion and negotiation. The United States has been known in past to utilize diplomacy in order to avoid war. When diplomacy fails to deliver ample results, the next course of action is enforcing sanctions on a nation. Following foreign policy procedures, Secretary of State Colin Powell influenced President Bush to take his war case to the United Nations. The American government had been guilty of rushing into wars without following a foreign policy plan of action. Essays on foreign policy confront Presidential, international and domestic issues.

Essays on foreign policy stick to the facts. Domestic foreign policy involves the economy, Homeland Security, The Patriot Act and other issues. When a nation experience internal problems, they are vulnerable to outside threats. Presidential foreign policy provides a reader with the steps that a president takes to confront domestic and international issues. International foreign policy usually involves United Nations meeting and support. At times, the President deploys The Secretary of State to international countries to serve as a mediator. Foreign policy is a powerful diplomatic skill that requires careful attention.

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