Essays on Energy Policy will evaluate America’s energy policy approach to determine whether they’re doing enough to advance energy reform. The moment President Bush first took office, the federal government disregarded energy standards. The United States rejected the Kyoto treaty because the United Nations failed to enforce the emission reduction standards equally across the board. Energy policy is essentially one of the most controversial issues in the policymaking process. Essays on Energy Policy will compare America’s substandard energy policy to its environmental policy.

Essays on Energy Policy can either oppose or support energy policy. Most energy policy discussions confront the cost to make a transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy. Essays on Energy Policy address energy policy concerns that motivated President Nixon to issue an executive order to form the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. America’s dependence on foreign oil continues to impose serious environmental risks. Essays on Energy Policy may question whether there is enough ethanol production to produce fuel.

Essays on Energy Policy will confront the source of energy issues. Current energy standards are more favorable toward nuclear power plants and fossil fuel factories. The oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico proved that such an environmental disaster could have been prevented with more a better energy policy in place. Such a costly disaster ruined the ecosystem. Essays on Energy Policy will impose more strict laws on energy efficiency. The federal government must develop new energy standards to combat the catastrophic effects of climate change.

Essays on Energy Policy introduces the distinction between energy and environmental policy. Freelance writers are well-versed in writing Essays on Energy Policy. These clients commission writing service companies because they are confident about the outcome. Based on past promises while on the 2008 campaign trail, President Obama understands that there are going to be an array of issues to consider, such as energy, education, health care, economy, and foreign policy issues. Essays on Energy Policy will support the thesis, while also determining the potential outcome in passing a new U.S. energy policy.

Essays on Energy Policy will confront the challenges entailed in changing past energy standards. As President Obama quickly discovered, the health care industry required quick and swift action to offset the high cost of medical care and to ensure millions of Americans without health insurance received medical coverage. Essays on Energy Policy will assess opposing policies to demonstrate the benefits in pursuing energy reform.

Essays on Energy Policy will delve into heated discussions challenging controversial issues. Because the health law was a costly plan, energy reform is now placed on hold. For the most part, the federal government is likely planning a new energy policy to promote energy efficiency. Passing a new energy policy will stimulate the economy and improve the environment.

Essays on Energy Policy will wrap up with restating the thesis, and then briefly discuss the points that are addressed in the body of the paper. In essence, Essays on Energy Policy gives students the opportunity to learn about energy reform, the policymaking process, and its connection with the environment. If writing Essays on Energy Policy turns into an overwhelming task, then freelance writers are always available at writing service companies to produce quality essays.

Essays on Education Policy will evaluate the issues that are derailing the American education system. Moments after policymakers passed No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2002, President Bush ushered in a new beginning to education accountability. The NCLB Act was the first major education policy to be passed since the Elementary Secondary Education Act of 1965. Essays on Education Policy will challenge the policymaking process from the conception of a policy to the evaluation phase.

Furthermore, Essays on Education Policy will assess the education system through evaluating how the federal government mismanaged education policy to damage the core of American education system. Before becoming the 43rd President of the United States, George W. Bush was once the Governor of Texas. As governor, he adopted strong education policies that ensured that every student received a quality education. Essays on Education Policy will address education policy dating back to the Elementary and Secondary Act of 1965 to the current disaster that is sinking the education system.

Essays on Education Policy will evaluate the source of the problem. Essentially, President Bush never planned to ruin the education system. In passing the NCLB Act, the federal government hoped to boost academic performance in k-12, but instead they shifted their focus to deal with the war on terrorism. Essays on Education Policy will address the role of the government in education, showing that establishing a consensus between the local, state, and federal government can promote efficiency.

Essays on Education Policy increase public awareness on improving the education system. Even since school districts, teachers, and students were expected to meet the minimum standards, the federal government managed to unfairly label many education facilities and teachers as needing improvement. The federal government took a good education policy, and then turned it into a political disaster. While the federal government inherited the bulk of education decision making, they only contributed less than 10% of overall education funding. Essays on Education Policy will assess alternatives to reforming education.

Freelance writers that work for writing service companies are capable of preparing customized Essays on Education Policy. They know where to find credible sources to challenge the education system. Freelance writers will address the responsibilities of the state and local government, demonstrating that their role in overseeing the education system is limited. Whereas now, the federal government imposed strict standards on teaching and testing standards, but have disregarded the funding requirements necessary to maintain the public school system.

Essays on Education Policy will deliver on President Obama’s promise to challenge a flawed education policy. Improve the foundation of education in inner city schools and changing the testing format will likely increase the learning curve. The NCLB Act placed unfair testing standards on many schools. In addition, teachers must meet a strict experience criteria to remain in their current position.

Essays on Education Policy offer a personal perception in what education policy measures will improvement learning, increase funding, and limit the federal government’s role in leading the American education system. In essence, Essays on Education Policy will evaluate the efficiency of the education system, introduce alternatives, and determine which measures must be revised to ensure education reform takes the proper course of action.

The Dead Sea Scrolls

Many English translations of the Old Testament are based on Masoretic text that comprises of the Hebraic bible. The Masoretes were scholars who were accustomed to copying of bible texts during the 8th century and their texts were considered the most accurate and oldest biblical texts. After the discovery of the Dead Sea scrolls, it was evident that the Dead Sea scrolls dated back over 2000 years while the Masoretic texts dated back 1000 years. Since the Dead Sea scrolls covered Aramaic, Greek and Hebrew languages, the most crucial issue is placing the relationship between the Masoretic texts and the Dead Sea scrolls. This brings out all apparent issues of considering the accuracy of our current scripture. The Septuagint is a Greek translation of the Hebrew scripture that was necessitated by the need for the scripture to reach the Greek speaking people. The greatest part of this translation was made from either Hebrew or Aramaic forms, and it is from this text that many modern bibles have been compiled. Looking at the Samaritan text, only the first Mosaic books are represented and the text was summed up before the Messianic era. Some New Testament passages are similar to it including the Jubilees, Enoch, the Assumption of Moses and the Septuagint, and this has made many scholars to adopt the text. But, it is only a small portion and does not cover the entire texts or even a large part of the Old Testament, since only five Mosaic books are represented in it. Thus, if a passage in the Septuagint or Samaritan Pentateuch disagrees with Masoretic text, then, since the Masoretic text dates further back, and consists of much more content of the Hebraic Old Testament, then the Septuagint or the Pentateuch should be translated in the Bibles.

When considering the relationship of the Qumranites to the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Qumranites were a group of ascetics who lived around the Qumran settlements, around the Dead Sea’s shores where the texts were discovered in caves. It is most probable that the library could have belonged to the Essenes that are an ancient sect that dwelt in Qumran having retired to the desert area to await the coming of the Messiah as they had anticipated. As much as the texts are diversified, there is nothing in them that could have been far above the interest of the Essenes, more so the texts have a sectarian touch in them. Also, there is no document however represented, that is in contradiction to the Essenic teachings as gathered from classical sources such as Josephus, Philo and Pliny. Though, it is not necessarily that all the documents could have been authored by the Essenes only. Some could have been obtained from elsewhere by the Qumranites. Different versions discovered like in Hebrew, Greek and Aramaic implies that there are different groups or communities that were involved in the passing on of the scriptures, and these are the Greeks, Hebrews and the Aramaic speaking people. The scripture was not localized, and this is the attitude that is to be put in mind when interacting with the scrolls and the scripture as a whole. It was meant to be understood by all and thus it would be of great benefit that while considering the translation, interpretation and revision of scriptures in their different settings, much care should be taken in revisiting all the texts contained in the major original languages involved in the passing of these texts from the ancients to the latter people. So, comparing the texts is to be of first priority. Thus, if some parts do not tally, they should not be meddled with to avoid confusion. The bible shall be understood with greater ease in the region to different groups in different settings with different languages. This also implies greater accuracy of the current scriptures.

Personal Statement

Now that I have acquired my undergraduate degree in Occupational Therapy, I  want to continue my studies in this field as a future graduate student.

My interest in the field of Occupational Therapy dates back until ________, when I was working as an Occupational Therapy aid.  I met an OT therapist who inspired me to accomplish my professional vision.  She encouraged me to return to school and extend my educational goals.  After much guided thought, I took her advice, put my fears behind me, and enrolled in night school.

When I began my undergraduate career, a tragic event impacted my family.  My sister, of only thirty-two, was called home to be with the Lord.  Through the sadness and pain of her death, I became a stronger person.  I was more determined than ever to put a smile back upon my parents face.  I had two goals intertwined in one.  I would finish the Occupational Therapy program and make my parents proud of their daughter.

Once I accomplished my undergraduate degree, I established a full time career with the geriatric population.  Presently, I implement occupational skills with my clients through long care facilities.  I  thoroughly enjoy this field and have been with them for thirteen years.

When it comes to the elderly, The AOTA vision can be a beneficial aspect.  The vision is there to enhance the element’s of one’s life once a specific age is attained.  The goal is to make sure the elderly are comfortable and able to perform activities around their own community.  In addition, it helps clients receive home based services; therefore, being able to remain in their own home.  A second aspect of the vision, is a common knowledge to help my clients with referrals.  On occasions,  clients will need home alterations to assist with daily living.  I will be able to use this section of the vision to refer my clients to social workers, nurses, home builders, and physicians.

I am also acquainted with the reputation your school holds.  After several conversations with past graduates and present professors, I feel we are a perfect match.  I feel that I am a very dedicated student.  My grades and studies are of the utmost importance, thus being on the Dean’s list for two years.  It is my desire that you will consider me for the MSOT program and allow me to continue my education at your school.

My goals for the graduate program are to learn how to be prepared to work in any OT environment.  For example, if my career changes from geriatric to pediatric, I want to have the skills for this change.  I want my services to benefit all my clients.  I also want to acquire the strength to provide a better service to my patients.  In addition, I have a spirited personality to assist my clients with meeting their own goals.  I will take every aspect learned from your program and apply it in my career environment.

Overall, I feel this program will help me exceed as an individual and therapist.  If I have an improved comprehension with my OT skills, then my clients will have a better understanding of their services as well

ABSTRACT

The sensibility of touch in the human hand is one of the most important elements that make it possible for the hand to function well. Without the said existence of sensibility, the capability of the hand to hold, to touch or to do anything is lost; in short the hand becomes useless. There are actually two-point focus considerations when the idea of finger sensibility stimulation is placed into discussion. The understanding pertains to the thought that a person’s hand is composed of several activated points that are able to identify the stimulating points that allow immediate sending of message to the human brain making it easier for the brain to respond and push the hand and fingers to work towards what is required. These two-point focuses allows the skin to discriminate the stimulants and send out a message to the brain which the brain decrypts in an essence that would be meaningful to turn into a command that would be used to push the hand to respond. For a fact, around the body, there are actually different points of sensibility, meaning there are several parts where skin stimulation occurs. However, for the discussion that follows, as noted above, a concentration on the two point discrimination found in the hands and fingers shall be presented. Understanding how it practically affects the occurrence of touch sensibility and how important it is for the sake of developmental understanding in the field of science and medical technology shall be better investigated within the context of this research.

Chapter 1: Introduction

Background of the Study

The human hand is one of the most functional parts of the human body. It is quite unimaginable for a normal person to live freely without the perfect capability of the hand to function fully for the sake of the response to the need of the body to work or to move. This is specifically seen among those people who have less control of their hand function. But what makes the hand work as much as it does? The sensory receptors that the hand processes are like electric connections that link the feeling indicators of the hand, most likely the fingers, towards the brain which practically interprets the sense that the fingers receive. It could not be denied that it is through this particular process that the finger is able to adapt properly towards its responsibility and its expected role in the human body as it functions to respond to the stimulation of the brain’s command for it to act towards the said motivation of work.

This idealism towards the existence of stimulant receptors in the human body corresponds with the essentiality of the role that the skin pertains to. It could not be denied that within the skin that stretches through the entire body, the skin in the hands could be noted to be the most responsive part as it is the one responsible for noting the feel of the different things so as to allow humans to function well. As for a fact, within a day, an average human individual at least uses his hand for the 89% of his total physical activities. It could not be denied that this fact mirrors the idea that somehow, the consideration placed upon the existence of stimulation and receptor density within the skin around the hand and finger accounts so much for the elevation of the consideration on the message reception considered when it comes to the relay of hand function as per suggested from the brain towards the hand and the fingers as per expected.

Within the conditional presentation of research that is to be discussed herein, an evidential assumption on how the process of touch sensibility in the hand affects the function that it responses to as per demanded by the human brain shall be shown through the use of efficient references that are noted for their validity and comprehensive effective approach in discussing the topic considered herein.

Statement of the Problem

As mentioned within the prelude of this discussion, the issue to be given attention to within this research pertains to the role of touch stimulation perceived through the two point discrimination in the hand and fingers that basically outlines their capability to respond to the “call” or to the “message” sent from the brain for them to work with what is required. The “feel” or the message taken from the stimulation used through the application of the sense of touch is the particular source of competent reception that presents a source of message towards the connection that directly manifests the function existing between that of the brain and the hand-and-fingers which suggests immediate response to “touch stimulation”.  The understanding of the function of touch sensibility and receptor process existing within the two point discrimination identity of the hand and the fingers practically intend to make this research directly applicable when it comes to the creation of possible solutions to problems occurring in connection with the function of the hand and finger. As particular guide to the problem response to be hosted within this research, the questions that follow shall further define the path of the study:

What is meant by touch sensibility and how does it actually affect the function of the hand?

How do sense receptors impose on the functionality of the hand and the fingers as connected to the explanation of the two-point discrimination?

What particular elements of touch sensibility and stimulant receptors actually affect the proper functions of the hands and the fingers and how do these elements help in the process of finding the consistent procedures by which issues of functionality could actually be defined and resolved?

Significance of the Issue

The functionality of the human hand depends on the capability of the fingers to properly move and receive proper stimulation from the utilization of touch sensibility. Through the recognition of the two point discrimination, this function could be better identified, thus pushing for the more effective understanding of what finger function is all about and how important it is for the human individual. Likely, it could not be denied that the most important part of this study is providing proper understanding on how the finger functions thus creating more comprehensive ways of responding to several issues of hand and finger injuries that require sensory stimulation to re-enhance the functionality of the said part of the human body.

Benefits of the Study

The list that follows better present the essential benefits that this study intends to provide to the stakeholders of the research:

Establishing proper understanding of the role of the two-point discrimination in identifying the proper functioning system of the hand and the fingers

Being able to identify the role of touch sensibility in finding the most considerable approach used to identify the functionality of the hands and fingers

Noting the efficient explanation capable of providing the most considerable support to finding effective solutions to problems involving sensory issues causing malfunction in hands and fingers.

Objectives of the Study

To make a definite explanation of what two-point discrimination in the hand and fingers is all about.

To consider the importance of two-point discrimination in identifying functionality of the hands and fingers and practically making a good indication on how this functionality could be better enhanced on the cases of those who are having dysfunctional medical issues when it comes to their hands and their fingers.

Methodology

Based on an experimental approach, this study shall try to investigate on the matters that have already been proven by the past researchers of the same field. It could be observed that somehow, the experiment is expected to provide a better essence of the truth that defines the role of touch sensibility and the connection that it has with the two-point discrimination in the hands and the fingers. With the results from the participants who are to be asked to take part in the experiment, an understanding of the actual effects of sensory detection through the two-point discrimination theory that explains that stimulation of sensation found in the hands and the fingers.

Research Structure

The introductory part as noted in this section is basically considered as part of the research that considers that primary presentation of what the research is going to be about. This section practically gives a good overview to the readers of what the study is practically focused upon. In the later part of the research (chapter 2) shall give a good presentation of the evidential collection of the research materials that basically define the exceptional understanding of what two-point discrimination is all about and how it directly affects hand and finger functions, it is expected that through this section, a brief introduction of what is supposed to be expected of the experimentation that is to be handled in the research shall be better given view. These evidences shall be given actual proof through the next section [chapter three]; the methodology section. Through this, the explanation of the procedures taken into consideration for the response towards the statement of the problems insisted within the introductory section of the research. The fourth chapter shall be the results and analysis section which gives the proper understanding of what the results of the methods applied actually insists in connection with the issue being investigated upon. Towards the end of the research’s presentation, the discussion section shall try to present the collaborative indication of the connection of the literature review with that of the results garnered through the methodology section undergone within this study. The finalization of the research shall practically be given a prelude by the summary section which is to be finally ended within the conclusion section. Further recommendations for bettering the future studies could actually be presented in later researches proposals regarding the actual considerations applied when discussing matters about receptor response to sensory stimulants in connection with the two-point discrimination in the hand and finger theory understanding that corresponds to the message transmission between the brain and the hand-finger reception that promotes better function.

Literature Review

2.1 Understanding Skin Sensory

To note, there are actually different kinds of distinct sensations that the body receives. It could not be denied that somehow, these particular sensory types include tapping, vibration, pressure, pain, heat and coolness. These particular sensations become possible due to the existence of skin sensory receptors or cells that serve as touch sensibilities that provide the skin the proper function of responding to particular thermal, mechanical and chemical stimulus that basically intends to make a definite effect on how the skin cells are actually able to send the right message to the brain and have the brain respond accordingly to the sensory message that has been sent.

The central nervous system (CNS) is the primary response system that provides the real essence of the cell receptors and the role that they are taking in the approach of providing the brain and the hand-finger system an effective connection that establishes collective functioning. It could be observed though that somehow, the reaction that the receptors provide the brain with is not only dependent on the feel or the sensory message itself but also on the past experiential basis that the brain basically responds to in connection with the sent sensations by the hand and the fingers. This could be better envisioned through the image presented below.

Within this diagram, it could be observed that the connection between the receptor and the cell body is directly managed by the central nervous system which practically invokes the push for the body to respond to the message sent by the receptors found in the human skin. This is in direct relation to that of the function of the hands and the fingers. It could be observed that this sensory evidential proof naturally imposes an effective process of showing that the brain responds to the receptors’ message even without the existence of visual input. To prove this, the study of Chassard and his colleagues entitled Two-point discrimination tests versus functional sensory recovery in both median and ulnar nerve complete transections basically insists that the results of their method for research presented a rather considerable approach in pointing out that existence of strong receptor capabilities of blindfolded participants who had some certain dysfunctions when it comes to the role taken into consideration by their fingers and their hands. Although there were some certain measures of failures in the test because of the dysfunction, it could not be denied that the process of responding to the process was not that hard to comprehend with as the receptors, although weak were still able to carry out the message towards the cell body towards the brain and send back response for accurate reaction (793).

The message from the receptors travel through the cell body in the form of kinetically charged electrical signals that are carried through neuronal extensions noted as the axons. Upon reaching the brain, the touch sensory is interpreted through the tactile sense. The deciphering of the message occurs as the separation of the different elements present in it naturally recreates its signals into the brain. The elements considered are that of the surface, the temperature, the shape and the actual feel of the object or the received sensation. It is through this that the brain responds accordingly to what has been felt. Basically, this reception of sensation offers a good picture of how our body connects with the outside world. In terms of our hand and our fingers, the process by which they react depends on their capability to allow sensational messages pass through and be sent towards the brain for garnering accurate response.

2.2 Types of Tactile Receptors that Respond to Different Information

The tactile receptors are explained as the nerve endings that respond to the different stimuli that are presented as sensory messages. In this regard, the pace by which the brain receives the message actually depends within the capability of the tactile receptors to send in the sense of the message. It could be considered that somehow this is where the two-point discrimination comes in. The rapidly adapting tactile sensory basically notes the occurrence of a fast paced response of the brain towards the message of the receptors. However, having a fast response should be balanced properly with that of the slow adapting stimulus which makes it much possible for the brain to separate the elements of the message of the received sensory in more effective manner. This could be better explained through the diagram of pace measurement presented herein.

The diagram herein makes this particular diagram shows a differential understanding on how the rapidly adapting neural activity actually responds in balance with the slowly adapting neural activity. It could be observed that it is only through this particular balance that the two-point discrimination in the sensory capabilities of the hand and the fingers are actually identified.

2.3 Sensory input and the Brain

2.4 Understanding what Two Point Discrimination is about

2.5 The Two Point Discrimination in Hand and Fingers

2.6 Cases and Evidences

2.7 Summary

CULTURAL DIVERSITY

All nations are affected by the destructive consequences of drug abuse. Fast changing social and economical situations, the global availability of illegal drugs and the increasing demand for them have all greatly contributed to the rising magnitude of this grave global problem.

The problem of drug abuse has also increasingly become complex. It can no longer be claimed that drug use is only taking place among marginalized groups, or mainly in the western industrialized world. Drug use emerges as a survival means for the disadvantaged young people who are in close contact with crime and street life. It also forms a part of the youth subculture which is rapidly spreading a benign drug image around the world.

Illegal drugs are addictive substances, which is a fact that hazes the image line between abuse and use, and between addiction and consumption. According to the estimates that were done by the United Nations Drug Control Programme, annual illegal consumption of drugs is likely to involve three and a half percent to four percent of the world’s population. However, from a health point of view, heroin is the most serious drug abuse. Although the consumption of the drug is still relatively low, around eight million people or 0.14 percent of the world population, its use is steadily on the rise (Dorn, 2006). Cocaine is more prevalent in terms of the total number of consumers; thirteen million people or even 0.23 percent of the world’s population, even though fewer nations are affected. The most widely used drug is cannabis, that is, it is used or consumed by around two and a half percent of the world population- about one hundred and forty million people.

Although majority of the illegal drugs that are currently consumed are still obtained from plants or even their products that have been synthetically made, a wave of synthetic (ATS) Amphetamine Type has been reported in the recent years, with a sixteen percent average yearly increase in the quantities seized. Presently, some thirty million which is equivalent to 0.5 percent of the world population consume ATS. There seems to be a conception, widely spread through the media and specifically directed to the young population that these drugs are safe and fashionable.

Another major factor affecting illegal drug demand is that the age of initiation is falling nearly each year. This is particularly notable with regard to the individuals who sick medication for opiate abuse, like in the year 1995 when many young people in the age group fifteen to nineteen years entered treatment compared to entire three-year period from the year 1992 to 1994. This is not only an issue of developed nations. Most developing nations reported same trend in the increasing number of young people abusing heroin, hallucinogens, cannabis and stimulants (Trebach, 2006).

The question of impulsive substances must also be put into consideration, as these are not subject to global control measures. These substances might serve as an entrance to psychotropic and narcotics substances and the youths in especially extreme or difficult situations, like street children are particularly susceptible or vulnerable. For several millions of children who live on the streets or major towns and cities, sniffing substances that are volatile is both a mental and physical escape.

Approaches to drug education
Many past programmes of drug education have attempted to discourage the youths from using illegal drugs. This is known as primary prevention and has been tried using many different approaches. In rough chronological order, these include:

The shock or scare approach as shown in hard hitting anti-drug videos, talks by some government TV or ex-junkies and billboard campaigns focusing on the terrors of drug use.

The information approach whereby the youths are given the real facts about drugs and particularly the risks on the presumption that if they knew the facts well they would not use drugs.

The attitudes or approach whereby the trial is made in promotion of drug free kind of life, strong moral beliefs and personal responsibility to avoid drugs.

The refusal skills approach whereby the youths are viewed as easy prey to peer pressure and require developing skills to say No To Drugs.

The decision making approach that has the assumption that the youths do not have the generic skills to make logical choices and that if they possessed these skills they would not used drugs.

The optional or alternative highs whereby the trial is made to substitute the drug use excitement with other type or forms of risk taking like pot holding, abseiling and climbing assuming that the youths will then not need to use drugs.

The self-esteem approach whereby the focus is on the person rather than drugs per se and it’s presumed that the youths of high-esteem won’t use drugs.

The current strategy of the British government is ‘Tackling Drugs Together’ and is majorly based on the primary prevention with the aim of helping the youths to resist the issue of drugs use.

The impacts of drug education
Most politicians, parents and teachers believe that education on drug will discourage the youths from the use of drugs. However, analysis of all types of programmes on drug education in this nation and all over the developed world indicate that education on drug doesn’t prevent the youths from using drugs.

Murji and Dorn’s comprehensive review of the evaluation studies came to this conclusion and recommended that the best that can be expected of education on drug is to control or regulate post-initiation growth in the use and decrease drug related effect. Coggans et al. (1991) carried out the largest and most inclusive analysis of school drug education ever done in the United Kingdom. It also stated that education on drug doesn’t stop the use of drug but could play a role in its reduction.

Recently, DARE and Life Education have suggested that their programmes check or prevent the use of drugs but analysis of both programmes have came to a conclusion that this isn’t the case.

Some people claim that education on drug use might increase the use of drugs because it will instill ideas into the heads of the innocent individuals who would otherwise not think of using drugs. This is possible because eve the young children already know about drugs and also because the behavioral effect is clearly limited. Study that was done by a team at the University of Southampton, and replicated in several localities has indicated that even the young people think about and also are aware of drugs to an extent or degree that teachers and parents find amazing.

In no other part of education, apart from the sex education, would people consider ignorance as a good value. Education means putting ideas into the heads of children and introducing new concepts and information for use, now as well as in the future. To be efficient, education on drug has to prepare young individuals for the future and also make them understand and assist others, even if they do not use drugs themselves.

Nevertheless, some analyses indicate that sock or scare approaches might legitimize and glamorize the use of drugs amongst young individuals. This has the implication that the most anti-drug kinds of education might be worst as compared to having no education on drug at all. At a macro level, we find that several young people exposed to the programmes and campaigns of primary preventions at the very same time as the number of using illegal drugs has rose significantly.

The evidence from study indicates that proper education on drugs can increase knowledge on drugs, develop decision making skills as well as making the youths more perceptive about what they really do (Davies, 2004). This does not mean that they will not use legal or illicit drugs. Similarly, education on drug can play a role in the reduction of harms that are associated with drugs rather than preventing the use of drugs per se.

Education not propaganda

In deciding what the objectives of education on drug should be, it helps in the distinction between particular educational objectives and health related behaviors. In the past, practitioners have always fallen in the trap of thinking that the objective of education on drug should be to prevent all uses of drugs. They then find that this objective can’t be accomplished and are disappointed with the results of the programme.

Education on drugs should be based on the three broad objectives underpinning the teaching of other subjects:

To increase the understanding and knowledge of the young people about drugs, its use and the related issues;

To explore different attitudes and opinions towards the use of drugs and enable the youths to arrive at their own informed opinions;

To develop different skills that are related to the use of drugs as well as enabling the young people to make their own informed decisions concerning drugs.

Knowledge on drugs should be based on information that is appropriate and appreciates both the advantages and dangers of drug use. Nonetheless, attitudes towards the use of drugs vary significantly and there is no one ‘right’ view of the use of drugs which brings about complicated issues requires debate and exploration from different angles. Encouragement of the young people in making their own informed decisions simply means that, and doesn’t mean telling the youths the kind of decisions they should be making (Cohen, 2007). It is about the use of drugs by the young people here and right now, but should also be about their future, assisting others as well as understanding the role of drugs in the society.

References

Cohen, J., (2007). Achieving a reduction in drug-retated harm through education. London: Whurr

Davies J., (2004). The Facts About Adolescent Drug Abuse. London: Cassell

Dorn, N., (2006). Drug Prevention. London: ISDD.

Trebach, A., (2006). The Great Drugs War and Radical Proposals that can make America Safe Again. New York: MacMillan

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Before setting up business either international or local, there are some factors to put into consideration. Even if your business is doing well and expanding at a high rate one must put into consideration the risks that ascertain that particular business. In the case of the AES, the founders did not put much consideration into their expanding business to the overseas accounts. Their main undoing was the assumption of the risks involved as same as in the U.S as it were in the foreign countries. The AEs had its majority revenues linked to overseas operations with approximately one-third coming from South America alone. Since the company depended on these operations almost wholly, any changes involved as per this could have affected them greatly. And that’s why the company’s international exposure hurt AEs during the global economic downturn that began in late 2000.

In addition, they did not take into consideration that as a global company with operations in countries that are hugely different from the U.S they needed a more sophisticated way to think about risk and the cost of capital around the world. besides,, with AES’s international expansions, the model of capital budgeting was not supposed to be exported to projects overseas, since the same model became increasingly strained with the expansions in brazil and Argentina because hedging key exposures such as regulatory or currency risk was not feasible. In addition, the financial structure of a going-concern business like a utility was notably different than that of a limited-lifespan asset like a generating facility.

factors such as the devaluation of key south American currencies, especially during 2001, when a  political and economic crisis in Argentina brought about a significant devaluation of most south American currencies against the U.S. dollar, conspired to weaken cash flow at AEs subsidiaries and hinder the company’s ability to service subsidiary and parent-level debt. This was much evident in December, the same year, when the newly elected government abandoned the country’s fixed dollar-to-argentine-peso exchange rate (1:1) and converted us. dollar-denominated loans into pesos. This resulted to the peso losing 40% of its value against the U.S dollar. In addition, the currencies in Brazil and Venezuela followed suit, with the Brazilian real and the Venezuelan Bolivar each depreciating approximately 50% against the us. dollar during the same period. As a result, AEs recorded foreign currency transaction losses of $456 million in 2002, creating an influx of financial problems to the company. the subsequent impact of the apparent devaluation was increased when foreign businesses were paid in local currency but had obligations to repay debt denominated in U.S. Dollars.

besides this, the adverse changes in energy regulatory environments especially in brazil, when it had failed to produce a market structure sufficiently attractive to encourage domestic construction of new generation assets, the demand exceeded supply, causing shortages. this created the loss of sales volume when it started a power rationing program due to short rainfalls; the majority of brazil’s generation capacity is hydroelectric, triggering a regulatory conflict concerning the applicable exchange rate for the real-to-dollar energy-cost pass-through provisions in AES’s contract thus resulting to AEs taking a pretax impairment charge of approximately $756 million on the Eletropaulo, one of its major Brazilian businesses.

In addition to AEs woes, was the decline in energy commodity prices. As the earnings and cash distributions to the parent started to deteriorate, AEs stock collapsed and its market capitalization fell nearly 95% from $28 billion in December 2000 to $1.6 billion just two years later. The change in the regulatory regime in the U.K. also adversely impacted AEs by increasing competition and reducing prices in its generation markets. That, along with an unusually warm winter in the U.K., brought wholesale electricity prices down approximately 30%. These pressures caused several counterparties to default on their long-term purchase agreements. This counterpart risk, coupled with changes in the commodity markets, enhanced the financial pressure on AEs facilities, and those that could not sell electricity above their marginal costs were taken off-line or shut down.

To crown it all, overdependence of the company on foreign worlds especially on Competitive supply, Accounting for 21% of AES revenues, was to risky. This was because this depended heavily on changes in the price of electricity, natural gas, coal, oil and other raw materials, weather conditions, competition, changes in market regulations, interest rate and foreign exchange fluctuations, and availability and price of emissions credits. Any chances to this involved price volatility which indented several businesses including the Drax plant in the U.K., the largest plant in AES’s competitive supply fleet. Financially speaking, the company should have reduced its overdependence or did its risk assessment to that effect.

At first the employment of a 12% discount rate was used for all projects. In a world of domestic contract-generation projects where most risks could be hedged and businesses had similar capital structures, that’s why it worked well initially since, capital budgeting at AES was fairly straightforward. When AES undertook primarily domestic contract generation projects where the risk of changes to input and output prices was now increased the situation changed. But the company still held on the economics of a given project was evaluated at an equity discount rate for the dividends from the project, all dividend flows were considered equally risky, and a 12% discount rate was used for all projects. This was particularly risky since there were other factors that were different in other projects than others. The model became increasingly strained with the expansions in Brazil and Argentina because hedging key exposures such as regulatory or currency risk was not feasible. In addition, the financial structure of a going-concern business like a utility is notably different than that of a limited-lifespan asset like a generating facility. Nonetheless, in the absence of an academic or other alternative, the basic methodology remained intact. Besides, the ever-increasing complexity in the financing of international operations also contributed to this. From the exhibit 6, this was evident in that, subsidiary A and B were financed with debt that was nonrecourse to the parent. The subsidiaries’ creditors had claims on the hard assets at the power plants but not on any other AES affiliate or subsidiary. The local holding company, which often represented multiple subsidiaries, also borrowed to finance construction or acquisitions and received equity in the various subsidiaries it held. In addition, the holding company had debt that was nonrecourse to the parent, secured by dividends from the operating company. Finally, AES borrowed once again at the parent level in order to contribute equity dollars into holding companies and subsidiary projects. At the end of 2002, AES had $5.8 billion in parent company (recourse) debt and $14.2 billion in nonrecourse debt. Using this subsidiary structure, the parent company received cash flows in the form of dividends from each subsidiary (some of which were holding companies) and, because the structure of every investment opportunity was essentially the same, all dividend flows were evaluated at the same 12%discount rate. This had the benefit of making similar projects seemingly comparable. However, when subsidiaries’ local currency real exchange rates depreciated, leverage at the subsidiary and holding company level effectively increased, and the subsidiaries struggled to service their foreign currency debt. Imagine a real devaluation of 50%. That cuts EBITDA in dollar terms by 50% and coverage ratios deteriorate by more than 50%. The local holding company cannot service its borrowing, and dividends to the parent are slashed. Ultimately the consolidated leverage was well over 80% without any hedging of foreign exchange for any meaningful duration; this is where the model broke down. A calculation of a firm’s cost of capital in which each category of capital is proportionately weighted. All capital sources - common stock, preferred stock, bonds and any other long-term debt - are included in a WACC calculation. All else help equal, the WACC of a firm increases as the beta and rate of return on equity increases, as an increase in WACC notes a decrease in valuation and a higher risk. Venerus’s solution to the problem had to be consistent, transparent, and accessible. He knew his solution would have to account for changes in required returns due to leverage, incorporate some understanding of a project’s risk profile, potentially include country risks, and still provide values that were consistent with market behavior, including trading multiples. Broadly speaking, a company’s assets are financed by either debt or equity. WACC is the average of the costs of these sources of financing, each of which is weighted by its respective use in the given situation. By taking a weighted average, we can see how much interest the company has to pay for every dollar it finances.

A firm’s WACC is the overall required return on the firm as a whole and, as such, it is often used internally by company directors to determine the economic feasibility of expansionary opportunities and mergers. It is the appropriate discount rate to use for cash flows with risk that is similar to that of the overall firm. To overhaul the capital budgeting process and evaluate each investment as a distinct opportunity with unique risks

WACC

According to the new approach,

WACC = E\ V r e + D\V rd (1-τ)

Where:
Re = cost of equity
Rd = cost of debt
E = market value of the firm’s equity
D = market value of the firm’s debt
V = E + D
E/V = percentage of financing that is equity
D/V = percentage of financing that is debt
Tc = corporate tax rate

Every nation in the world has massive requirements of oil and as the Middle East continues to show signs of instability, the world is now looking towards Africa to satiate its need for the non-renewable source of energy. In his book Untapped: The Scramble for Africa’s Oil, John Ghazvinian has described his exciting and occasionally dangerous twelve country African journey in exploring the unwanted impacts of the oil boom in the continent. In keeping with the strategy adopted by contemporary books that deal with oil in Africa, Ghazvinian has revealed how the continent is now viewed as the last major area in the world that still has oil reserves that remain untouched. Africa has thus attracted a great deal of attention from politicians and multinational companies. The book entails considerable understanding about international politics in the context of oil. In view of the continent’s colonial history that resulted in weak and questionable democracies, the oil business has aggravated economic and internal complexities in many of the continent’s oil rich nations. The author explains why oil is seen as a curse and has analyzed why economist Hossein Mahdavy has described oil nations in Africa as rentier states.

The author has expressed genuine concerns about the practices adopted by industrialized nations in escalating the oil crisis. He cites that the USA is now importing most of its oil requirements. He narrates that people are not farsighted and do not realize that if American citizens made some minor adjustments, the US could become a net exporter of oil. Rather, people in the country travel unnecessarily and make use of huge cars that are gas guzzlers. Such consumption patterns enhance the global demand for oil, which is now increasing at a much faster rate as India and China give a boost to their respective economies. Lesser numbers of people understand that the cost of extracting oil is much more than the cost incurred on equipment and salaries in oil companies.

Ghazvinian has narrated how the ill fated impacts of oil result in immense dependency on oil exports that further lead to the collapse of the conventional national markets. Such patterns further result in shortage of jobs in addition to the creation of a weak tax base, corruption in politics and fewer incentives to develop infrastructure. In having written in an eloquent and engaging form of narration, the author takes the reader through countries such as Nigeria, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Sudan, Gabon, Angola and some other African countries to elucidate the manner in which the oil business works and how it effects people. He has dumped the academic style of writing in favour of the easier to understand language and sometimes appears to sound like a well informed passionate tourist while giving his first hand accounts. Such passion is evident when he writes about Gabon, “During a week and a half in Gabon, I feasted on beef bourguignon and rack of lamb, but never did I manage to find a bunch of bananas for sale” (Ghazvinian, 2007, p.131), which is a state that used to export large quantities of bananas and is now importing most of its food.

Ghazvinian explains that it is a usual misconception that countries with huge oil reserves will have immense wealth and asserts that oil can often impoverish a country. In clarifying why this is so, he has provided details of how several countries faced devastating consequences because of the damaging impacts of mismanagement after the discovery of oil. Unfortunately, he says, the same is true for almost all countries on the western coast of Africa. His main theme is that oil or other mineral assets have a destructive effect on countries, however counterintuitive they may appear to be. He has investigated and found that with the discovery of oil, the nation’s currency value is enhanced, which places agriculturists and industries out of business, thus resulting in the paradox of an oil rich nation such as Gabon being made to import tropical fruits. Under such circumstances the government becomes less receptive to the needs of the citizens because revenues are generated by oil companies, instead of the general public. Resultantly, the standard of living of the average citizen begins to decline, which further paves the way for corrupt practices and civil wars. The worst situation arises when the state collapses into chaos, a prime example being that of Nigeria.

The author is sure that the main reasons for the harms of Nigeria’s corrupt politics, Angola’s blood splattered civil wars; Equatorial Guinea’s inadequacy in governance and the non existent infrastructure in Chad are the result of scratchy and bumpy relations between Africa, the West and large multinational corporations. Ghaznivinian has revealed how the moral responsibilities towards African nations are greatly compromised while considering issues and arrangements for drilling oil. An ideal example in this regard is the worsening position of the Delta region in Nigeria, which has the country’s main oil reserves. The author’s personal experiences in observing distressed and militant villagers against the backdrop of a strongly secured and luxurious complex for expatriate oil personnel is clearly indicative of the stark realities of the price of oil.

Ghazviniam has described the blunders committed by America in Africa, which also includes its role in lengthening the civil war in Angola and supporting the oppressive government in Equatorial Guinea. According to the author, such circumstances led to China’s rise to power. In fact, he has used the last chapter in depicting the quick fix Chinese policies in Africa in terms of giving aid and in turn assuming lucrative drilling rights. This is how the author has revealed the future of oil in the continent. Presently the main players are the USA and Europe while China and India play a minor role or are not much concerned about Africa’s problems. However a noteworthy observation in this regard is the fact that although the emirates in the Gulf region are not democratic nations, their wealth has percolated down in benefiting the common citizens.

The fact that no clear solutions are provided by Ghazvinian is commendable because he has not pretended to be an expert on the issue. He has simply described what he saw and has dug the pit deeper in making the reader aware of the background in grasping the core issues related to the problem. It is clear that most of the oil economies in Africa have serious challenges to face, especially in the context of some countries that have always been facing difficult situations. For instance, Equatorial Guinea was characterized with corruption and poor governance even before the discovery of oil in the country. Ghazvinian’s short visit to Gabon did not delve into the fact that the nation is privileged with having the maximum preserved forests amongst all African nations, which resulted after the oil discovery reduced the need to harvest timber on a large scale. However, the oil industry in Africa is certainly to be held responsible for the follies committed in the past but there is need to consider developmental activities for communities from a different perspective by approaching the issue with care and caution. From such a perspective the author has not done full justice to the crucial issue of citizen welfare.

Works Cited

Ghazvinian John, Untapped: The Scramble for Africa’s Oil, 2007, Harcourt.

Cynthia Enloe’s Analysis of Athletic Shoe Industry, US Companies and East Asian Laborers

Based on Enloe Cynthia’s writing, there is great wealth on the history of the athletic shoe industry. This research paper analyses Cynthia Enloe’s inspection of the athletic shoe industry as it relates to various United States companies and the labor patterns in East Asian countries.  To achieve this it focuses of three areas; the role of international politics in shaping the course of athletic shoe industries, the role of women in relation to daughter perspective in South Korea’s industrialization, and finally it highlights the contradictions between marketing of athletic shoe and labor practices in South Korea industries.

Manufacture of offshore sneakers was largely influenced by politics infused in the region during cold war. Enloe, (272) outlines that this caused several companies such as Nike, Reebok, Adidas, and Puma were forced to search for new locations. Industries which were associated with the United States thus managed to launch new factories around offshore. Militarization of sneakers occurred following agreements that were made between industrial owners who provided sites to the US for manufacture of military weapons, trainings and clothing, super power (US) and the industries (Enloe 272).

Based on Enloe’s, (272) argument athletic shoe production companies relied largely on cheap labor. This explains why they were contently hunting unskilled labor force. Due to this, most companies employing younger women who were desperate for a source of income. Enloe, (275) terms this category of labor as “daughters”. Similarly, factory owners took pride in substituting married women with unmarried novices. This was probably because such women had increased needs that would cause them crave for increased wages and therefore would not provide labor turnovers as expected by the companies. From Enloe’s, (275) writing it is clear that those who had attained high experience or senior positions were only retained if losing their skills was to cost the industry of its profit.  Such treatments contradict the marketing principle of athletic shoes industries. Most likely these company owners carried very minimal marketing or never did marketing at all. As such, when thousand of women workers became enlightened and resigned in pursuit of better pay, these industries got closed down Enloe’s (275). They only managed to pick up after the introduction of masculine labor. Enloe, (272) highlights that majority of such products are currently in China with few others found in Indonesia and Vietnam. Transition of athletic shoe companies was as a result of infused politics during cold war (Enloe 272).

South Korean government must have believed that “daughter” conception was relevant in preparing teenage girls into future women. Enloe, (273) argues that this could be used to explain why they placed emphasis on parents to make their daughters respectable and marriageable. Therefore the community accorded respect to women based on their financial status. Most South Korea’s industries used this notion to get labor turnovers from unskilled young women. Women or daughters who were not financially secure were stereotyped as doomed (Enloe 273). Since daughters were not ready to be doomed, they constantly lured into hard labor with low wages. This acted as a great boost to the government and multinational companies. Enloe (272) state that globalization of athletic shoe production was gender oriented. This because it majored on creating profits as opposed to satisfying workers. Due to this it was often characterized on girl child emphasis as opposed to boy child. The community expects daughters to provide for their parents and educate their brother instead of their younger sisters (Enloe 274). Younger women; daughter who were unable to satisfy such expectation and save for their future fiancées were perceived as doomed by the society.  Enloe, (274) outlines men in the South Korean society might have been lazy since they new they would get a young woman who would bring “decent dowries into marriage”(Enloe 274).

Conclusion

It is important to note that politics plays a critical role in development of industries. In most cases, those who are ready to cooperate with the ruling government are the ones who are likely to survive.

Work Cited

Enloe, Cynthia. “Daughters and Generals in the Politics of the Globalized Sneaker¹“. Beyond Borders: Thinking Critically about Global Issues. Ed.  Rothenberg S. Paul. New York: Worth Publishers, 2005. 271-277.

If there is one certain aspect to this world, it would be that we all have our own opinions, even if we are not willing to admit to them. Philosophers form their opinions based on rationalisation and logic and for this reason, their opinions are often used in the law, politics and even in education. Some of the philosophers who have influenced the way we think in modern times, lived and thought, thousands of years ago, while others are more contemporary. Of these philosophers we examine the ways in which Plato, More, Machiavelli, Locke, Marx, Plunkitt and Bernays would answer the following questions: What is the problem with society? What is the solution to the problem? Who should rule? Of the above questions, the most pertinent is almost always who should rule.

Plato remains one of the most famous philosophers of all time and he believed that the core of societal cohesion lay in the family. The family unit was paramount to the proper survival of society as a whole. In today’s world he certainly would have been close to the truth given the breakdown of family units. For Thomas More, the book Utopia probably describes his philosophy in the most efficient way. We no longer connect with nature and that where punishment is concerned, the punishment is not related to the crime. For instance, if theft is punished with execution, then the perpetrator might as well kill the witnesses or even the victim - the punishment will be the same. In modern times, much debate surrounds the three strikes law, where incarceration does not seem parallel to the crime committed. Machiavelli did not share More’s opinion. Machiavelli believed that the only way to reach a goal (politically that is), is to eliminate the opposition. The problem thus would be that we try to live side by side and tolerate one another rather than simply ‘doing away’ with what we do not like. In another fashion though, he would encourage the idea that pretence is far from successful within a society. It is quite pointless pretending that we like one another, thus harbouring unseen grudges and leading to eventual conflict. John Locke believed the problem to be a lack of equality. There is definitely little argument to the contrary, but whether the solution to this is possible or not, remains to be seen. Karl Marx on the other hand had similar (though not the same) ideas as More. He had idealistic views of the perfect society, something that sparked the introduction of communism to a modern world. Although he cannot be called the father of the umbrella term ‘communism’, he did believe that capitalism was largely the problem in modern society. George Washington Plunkitt believed in an honest day’s work and while he did not conform to Marxist policy entirely, he supported the under-dog. He became popular because of this and largely believed that much of society’s problem lay in the inability to do an honest day’s work. Edward Bernays had a thoroughly modern yet controversial consumerist perception of society. Furthermore, he undertook to examine women’s problems in modern society. His method had a duel perspective: first of all, he showed the world how easily they could be manipulated and secondly, showed the world that this was necessary. The problem thus is that we are too easily influenced and yet not influenced enough. Certainly, if we were all to behave in a proper manner, it would have to be through the process of public relations rather than conflict.

How do we solve these problems in the philosopher’s eyes? For Plato, the solution lies in the family. The family unit needs to be solidified. This is a functionalist approach, grading society as a set of institutions that need to perform duties in order for society to function. The family unit is the smallest of these institutions, so if the family is not complete or is dysfunctional, then the greater institution will also be at risk of collapse. The paternal function in this case is thoroughly necessary since the father is the cohesive, disciplinary faculty within the family. Many women today are single mother’s attempting to perform the duty of both parents. In terms of Thomas More, punishment has to be parallel to the crime. The same punishment cannot be extolled on all crimes. This means that ‘just deserts’ must be meted on the offender and that the punishment must be suitable for the crime. Certainly, it makes little sense that individuals should be able to unleash punishment on others, as ‘just deserts’ is often mistakenly taken to mean. This means that a father cannot be able to punish his daughter’s rapist, but that the rapist must obtain the same punishment that was given to his victim. The problem of ethics always arises. There is also no single definition for capital crime, given that in some countries, the punishment for rape is almost worse than for murder. Machiavelli’s solution is perhaps the least complicated, but also the least ethical. With the current racial and ethnic tension displayed in most countries, it is not possible to simply eliminate those who cause trouble. However, even if segregation is not an ethical approach, it certainly does lend itself to a more peaceful existence. Hitler’s approach to the Machiavellian perception was perhaps the most drastic and also the most inflammatory, but in the end, if Hitler had succeeded in eliminating Jews and Gypsies, the Machiavellian approach would have worked. Despite this, there is no proof that this solution works in the long term. In the short term, everyone is happy but eventually begin to fight amongst one another - a feature of humanity. John Locke would see the solution as simple: the creation of equality. Although modern society has attempted this, the success has been limited. Another feature of humanity is greed and to Karl Marx, of no one owns anything, no one wants anything. This is a solution towards the conflict of capital and commodity, but cannot work in reality. Plunkitt might conclude that the solution is to make sure that everyone is reasonably employed and completes a day’s honest work. Yet the production of employment has fallen short of the needs of the people over recent years. Furthermore, the interest in criminal activities offers the individual a far easier and more exciting manner of earning a living. Finally, public relations may be a solution for Bernays and learning to manipulate ones surroundings solves the problem of tolerating those around one. A good orator would solve the potential problems that society has, because a good orator is able to sway the public.

Who should rule? Indeed, a troubling question because no one society is ever happy with their rulers. Democracy is the foundation of modern society, with a public elected president ruling a country. Yet for Plato there has to be a representative of each faculty of society. For instance, if the components of a society include black, white, Jew, Muslim, Christian and atheist, then a member of each group should be able to have a say in how the country is run. Thomas More, in Utopia suggested the feudal society, with the highest level of ruler being at the top. In many cases still today, this occurs and is not necessarily failure or success. In one aspect, Machiavelli and More share similar ideals, for Machiavelli, there can be only one ruler at a time. In his case, there should not be contestation to the ‘throne’, because the ruler has taken his position by force. In the modern world there are few examples of this rule, although Africa has the most recent attempts at this. Locke seeks equality, which would mean that rule must be democratic and each participant be given equal opportunity. In this sense, he is closer to Plato’s theory than any other philosopher. Marx encourages the rule of the people and the functioning of society as having a common goal. For Plunkitt, the honest man must rule and this would most often be the under-dog. This means that in theory, the ruler would encourage honesty and transparency as a whole over society. Bernays is a controversial context, because in his world, the media would rule. Certainly, this appears to be true. The media does seem to shape the way we think and feel. Other than that, Bernays would advocate a manipulator as the ruling party, simply because those who follow him are loyal to what he says to them.

In conclusion, there are clear problems with all theories, but this does not mean that they are incorrect. In fact, each philosopher had definite grounds upon which their theories are based. However, society is not prescriptive. In other words, it cannot conform to a single model of thought. This remains a political problem and a universal one at that.